Bhopal bala'i: haddasawa, wadanda ke fama, da sakamakon

A karni na ashirin da aka juyo ga bil'adama, kamar yadda gudun fasaha ci gaba ya kara da dama dozin sau. Amma tare da events cewa canza tarihin ga mafi alhẽri, akwai lokatan da dama lokuta, kuma suka zama wata babbar kuskure. The most mutum ya bala'i sun canza fuskar duniya da kuma haifar da mummunan sakamako. A babba gare su yana dauke su wani hatsari a sinadaran shuka a Bhopal. Wannan Indian birni a Jammu, za a kashe, kuma ba ya tsaya har zuwa Disamba 3, 1984. Wannan rana ya canza domin mutanen Bhopal kome.

Tarihi na shuka yi

A cikin 1970s, gwamnatin kasar Indiya ta yanke shawarar dauke ta tattalin arzikin da kasashen waje babban birnin kasar. Saboda haka, musamman shirin da aka gabatar, da nufin janyo hankalin masu zuba jari da kasashen waje da su zuba jari a gida masana'antu. yi da shuka da aka amince, wanda zai samar da magungunan kashe qwari domin aikin gona. Asalinsu ɓangare na sunadarai shirya ya shigo daga wasu ƙasashe. Amma ya juya waje don zama marasa amfani baki ɗaya, kamar yadda gasar a cikin wannan kashi na kasuwar ya sosai high. Saboda haka, samar aka koma wani daban-daban matakin, mafi hadaddun da hatsari. A cikin 80s birnin Bhopal (Indiya) da kewaye featuring karin matalauta girbin, wanda ya jagoranci wani karu a bukatar da kayayyakin da shuka. Saboda haka, aka yanke shawarar sayar da kamfanin, amma mai saye ba a samu ba.

Shuka kafin hatsari

Wannan deplorable shahara factory aka mallakar kungiyar tarayyar Carbide India Limited - American kamfanin, wanda aka qware a samar da sinadarin hada takin zamani (magungunan kashe qwari). Bhopal shuka ya mangaza na musamman mai guba abu - methyl isocyanate, ko MIC. Shi ne m guba abu, wanda yake a Jihar gas a lamba tare da mucous membrane nan take da shi konewa, daga abin da huhu zama kumbura. Idan shi ne a cikin wani ruwa jihar, a cikin halaye kama da sulfuric acid.

shi ma yana da wani sosai musamman jiki Properties. tafasasshen zazzabi - 40 digiri Celsius, wanda shi ne quite saba for India rana yanayin zafi. Idan kara zuwa cakuda ma wani karamin adadin ruwa, shi zai fara zuwa a mai tsanani rayayye, wanda triggers sarkar dauki, kamar yadda sakamakon wanda dũkiyar decomposes da aka saki hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide. Wannan hadaddiyar giyar ne da ikon hallaka duk wanda yake a cikin shafa yankin. A factory ya halitta da dama tsarin da ake zaton su hana a kama dauki, amma ba su yi aiki saboda da dama dalilai, aka bayyana a kasa.

Abubuwan da ake bukata domin karo

Kafin akwai wani Bhopal da bala'i, akwai dalilai da dama da predispose to da ya faru. A farko daga cikin wadannan ne sha'awar da mai da shuka ajiye kudi a Hakkin. Saboda haka suka gina su kasuwanci a India, inda Hakkin ne sau goma ƙananan fiye da a raya ƙasashe. irin wannan ma'aikata fasaha matakin ya ba high isa, amma su buƙatun ma. Wannan shi ne sosai m, a kudi sharuddan.

Na biyu factor - wani take hakkin asashen duniya, norms ajiya na mai guba abubuwa. A masana'antu a yarda su ci gaba da ba fiye da 1 ton na MIC, kuma shi ya riga a Bhopal 42 sau more, cewa shi ne 42 ton.

The uku factor - sakaci na mazauna yankin da su da gargadi, wanda aka buga a cikin jaridar. A shuka ta management yi gargadin cewa kana bukatar ka zama kamar mai da hankali da kuma idan ka ji wani alamar ban tsoro sauti, fitad da nan da nan.

A na gaba shi ne cewa birnin Bhopal a lokacin da gwamnati da cewa ci gaba da juya a makafi ido ga gazawar cika da aminci dokoki, da kuma a sakamakon, akwai lokatan da dama hatsarori a shuka.

Wani muhimmin factor ne tabarbarewar kayan aiki, da sauyawa daga abin da ban biya kudi mai yawa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa duk tsarin da ake zaton hana hatsari, sun ko dai don gyare-gyare, ko kawai ya juya kashe.

A Sanadin da bala'i

The hukuma dalilin abkuwar wannan hadari aka ba m. An sani kawai cewa a saki m gas a cikin yanayi da aka lalacewa ta hanyar samun cikin ruwa tanki da methyl isocyanate. Wannan sa a cikin ruwan ruwa, da kuma danshin karkashin wani babban matsin aminci bawul lalace. Yadda ruwan samu a cikin kayan da wanda ya tuntube shi ne matukar hatsari, ba a sani ba har yanzu. A wannan lokaci, akwai iri biyu.

Idan ka yi imani da farko, shi dai kawai wani mummunan hatsari. Yana da aka sanya a kan Hauwa'u na wanka da kewaye yankin, da kuma yadda da bututu da kuma bawuloli sun karkatattun, ruwa samu a cikin akwati tare da MIC.

Na biyun ya ce da Bhopal bala'i aka yi magudi. Daya daga m ma'aikata mallaki dalilai iya connect wani ruwa tiyo zuwa tanki, kuma ya fara wani dauki. Amma wanda daga wadannan versions gaskiya ne, babu wanda ya sani. A fili yake kawai cewa da akai da marmarin ya ceci kudi ya na ainihi hanyar wannan mutumin da aka yi da bala'i.

Chronology na events

Bhopal bala'i ya faru a daren 2 zuwa 3 Disamba 1984. Da damar da E610, wanda dauke da 42 ton na methyl isocyanate, domin ba a sani ba dalilai, samu game da wani ton na ruwa. Wannan sa a cikin wani ruwa mai tsanani da zuwa 200 digiri Celsius. Ma'aikata sun lura da farko alamun damuwa tare da MIC tank a minti 15 da tsakar dare, a wani lokacin duk Figures sun ninki biyu. Bayan da makawa na'urori masu auna sigina yi mini iso, karfi rasp, wanda aka buga a karkashin fashe ganga tushe. Aiki garzaya hada da ƙararrawa tsarin, amma suka juya a kira su kawai ba a nan. Sai suka yanke shawarar mika su kwantar da tank da kuma fara fesa ruwa a kan shi daga waje, amma amsa ya unstoppable. 00,30 A aminci bawul ne kawai ba msa da babban matsin lamba da kuma fashe. A lokacin na gaba hour, tan 30 na guba gas bayyana a cikin yanayi. Tun MIC shi ne mafi tsananin fiye da iska, shi ne farkon mai m girgijen tafiya tare da kasa da kuma ja jiki sannu a hankali a kan kewaye yankin da shuka.

jirinjiritsi

Duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a dare, don haka ga daukacin jama'ar da aka barci lafiya. Duk da haka, mutane nan da nan ya ji sakamakon da guba. Su stifled tari, idãnunsu jahannama, numfashi shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. Wannan ya kai ga salla mace-mace a cikin ta farko hours bayan da hatsari. Mafitar tsoro kamar yadda kome ya taimaka. All sun tsorata da kuma gane ba abin da ke faruwa. Doctors kokarin taimakawa mutane, amma bai san yadda. Bayan duk, da shuka ta management ba ya so ya bayyana abun da ke ciki na gas saboda kasuwanci da tsare sirri.

By safe girgije dissipated, amma bari a baya wata babbar lamba na gawawwakin. Shi ne kawai farkon. A kan wasu 'yan kwanaki, dubban mutane sun mutu, fãce wannan, yanayin ne ma sosai karfi shafi: itatuwa kika aika ganye, dabbobi mutu en sun mayar.

sakamakon hadarin

A mere gaskiya wannan bala'i ne a gane a matsayin mafi muni a tarihi, yayi Magana game da fim. A safiyar m gas kashe 3787 mutane a lokacin da makonni biyu bayan da cewa m events kashe 8,000 mutane a cikin wadannan shekaru, har ma da 8000.

Bincike a cikin 2006 ya nuna m statistics: 558 125 sun kamu da ziyara zuwa likitoci saboda kullum rashin lafiya bayan sallama a lokacin da shi da aka rubuta, wanda aka lalacewa ta hanyar guba MIC. Bugu da kari, da Bhopal bala'i ya zama real muhalli bala'i. Gubobi guba dukan yanayi a cikin shekaru gaba. Kamfanin mallakan da shuka biya kudi mai yawa to shafa, amma shi ba zai gyara wani abu.

Shuka bayan hadarin,

Ko bayan da ya faru, kamfanin da aka rufe nan da nan. Yana ci gaba da aiki har sai da depletion na hannun jari na MIC. A shekarar 1986, har yanzu akwai ma'aikata rufe da kayan aiki sayar. Amma babu daya ko kokarin gaba daya kawar da hadari zone. Yana kawai juya a cikin wani juji sinadaran sharar cewa guba da rai na dukan birnin. Har yau, a shuka ne fiye da 400 ton na mai guba abubuwa, wanda shiga cikin ƙasa, kuma ba dace da shan ruwa da kuma gida girma abinci. A shekarar 2012, India hukumomi sun yanke shawarar jefa sharar gida, amma ya zuwa yanzu shi ne kawai na shirin.

Saboda haka, mafi m mutum-sa masifa Bhopal bala'i (Indiya) ya kasance a cikin tarihin 'yan adam. 1984 domin wannan kasar ta zama wata alama ce da mutuwa. Ko uku bayan shekaru da dama sakamakon hadarin dacewa ga dukan yankin.