Kwayoyin da kuma tsarin dabara na phenol

Phenols - da na kowa sunan aromatic alcohols. A kan kaddarorin al'amari ne akwai mãsu rauni acid. An muhimmanci m muhimmanci ne da yawa homologues hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (dabara phenol) - sauki wakilin aji. Bari mu bincika wannan a more daki-daki.

Phenols. A general dabara da kuma rarrabuwa

A general dabara na Organic abubuwa na aromatic alcohols, - R-OH. Kwayar Komayya kanta phenols da cresols kafa m - C6H5 phenyl, wanda aka kai tsaye alaka da daya ko fiye hydroxyl kungiyoyin OH (hydroxyl kungiyoyin). By su lambar da kwayoyin phenols suna kasu mono-, di- da polyhydric. Monohydric mahadi daga irin wannan ne phenol da cresol. A mafi kowa daga polyhydric hydroxybenzenes - naphthols dake dauke da cikin abun da ke ciki 2 Fused tsakiya.

Phenol - wakilin aromatic alcohols

Yadi ma'aikata phenol aka sani riga a cikin XVIII karni: da masaƙa amfani da shi a matsayin fenti. A barasan na ci kwalta a 1834 a Jamus, da sunadarai F. Runge alama lu'ulu'u na abu da halayyar dadi wari. The Latin sunan kwal - carbo, don haka ya kira fili carbolic acid (carbolic acid). Jamus masu bincike sun kasa gane abu. Phenol kwayoyin dabara da aka kafa a 1842 O. Laurent, suka yi ĩmãni carbolic wanda aka samu na benzene. Ga sabon acid amfani da sunan "phenyl". Sharl Zherar m cewa abu ne da barasa, da kuma kira shi da wani phenol. Harufan aikace-aikace fili - magani, fata tanning, samar da roba dyes. Halaye na abu a karkashin shawara:

• M sinadaran dabara - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• A kwayoyin nauyi na fili - da kuma 94,11. e. m.
• A babban dabara na tara, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Lantarki da na sarari tsarin da kwayoyin da na phenol

Cyclic tsarin benzene dabara miƙa ta Jamus kwayoyin sunadarai F. Kekule a 1865, da kuma jim kadan kafin shi - I. Loschmidt. Masana kimiyya da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na yau da kullum heksagon da alternating guda da kuma biyu shaidu. Kamar yadda zamani Concepts, da aromatic zobe - musamman irin madauwari tsarin, da ake kira "conjugated bond".

Shida carbon atoms gwada aiwatar sp ² -hybridization electron orbitals. Ba da hannu a cikin samuwar C-C shaidu na p-electron girgije zoba sama da kuma a kasa da jirgin sama na kwayoyin core. Akwai biyu kowa electron girgije yake rufe da dukan zobe. Phenol tsarin dabara iya duba daban-daban, ba tarihi da kusancin da bayanin irin tsarin da benzene. Domin jaddada hali na unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons, conventionally dauke uku na shida biyu shaidu wanda madadin da uku sauki.

Rabuwa saboda oxy kungiyar

A cikin sauki aromatic hydrocarbon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - electron girgije ne tsakaitã. phenol dabara bambanta da daya hydroxy kungiyar. A gaban hydroxyl karya fasali da aka nuna a cikin kaddarorin da abu. Dangantaka tsakanin oxygen da kuma hydrogen a hydroxy kungiyar - iyakacin duniya covalent. Biya diyya kowa biyu daga electrons da oxygen zarra take kaiwa zuwa wani mummunan cajin a kanta (m). Hydrogen hasarar electrons da yakan mallaki wani m cajin "+". Bugu da kari, da oxygen a O-H kungiyar shi ne maigidan biyu unshared electron nau'i-nau'i. Daya daga cikin su janyo hankalin da electron girgijen aromatic zobe. Saboda wannan dalili, sadarwa zama mafi polarized, hydrogen sauƙi maye gurbin karafa. A model ba wani tunani na asymmetrical yanayin da phenol kwayoyin.

Features tsangwama kwayoyin halitta a phenol

Daya electron girgijen aromatic nuclei a phenol kwayoyin reacts tare da wani hydroxyl kungiyar. Yana faruwa sabon abu, Tasrifu sunan, a cikin abin da wani oxygen zarra nasu biyu daga electrons janyo hankalin zuwa hydroxy kungiyoyin na wani benzene zobe tsarin. Rage korau cajin cika da mafi rabuwa saboda O-H kungiyar.

A aromatic zobe ma dabam lantarki rarraba tsarin. Yana an rage ta carbon cewa an daure su oxygen, da kuma aka ƙara a kusa cikinta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ortho matsayi (2 da kuma 6). Pairing ne jari na cajin a kan su "-". Bugu da ari, "shift yawa - da motsi na da kwayoyin halitta a meta matsayi (3 da 5) zuwa carbon a para-wuri (4). phenol nazari dabara domin saukaka da juna hada guda biyu yawanci qunshi Lambobin sunadaran benzene zobe.

Bayani phenol sinadaran Properties bisa laákari da lantarki tsarin

Tafiyar matakai Tasrifu na aromatic zobe kuma hydroxyl shafi da kaddarorin biyu barbashi kuma duk abubuwa. Alal misali, wani babban electron yawa a zarra a cikin ortho da para matsayi (2, 4, 6) sa da C-H bond na wani aromatic phenol sake zagayowar mafi amsawa. Rage korau lura da carbon atoms a meta matsayi (3 da 5). Hari na electrophilic barbashi a sinadaran halayen fallasa carbon a ortho da para matsayi. A bromination dauki na benzene canje-canje faruwa a karkashin karfi dumama da kuma gaban mai kara kuzari. Kafa monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Formula phenol damar abu to amsa tare da bromine ma instantaneously ba tare da dumama da cakuda.

Aromatic zobe rinjayar da connection polarity hydroxy kungiyar, da kara shi. Hydrogen zama mafi m, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da cikakken alcohols. Phenol reacts tare da alkalis, forming salts - phenates. Ethanol ba amsa tare da Alkali, ko kuma wajen, da dauki kayayyakin - ethanolates - decompose. A sinadaran sharuddan phenols - karfi acid fiye da alcohols.

Wakilai na aromatic alcohols aji

Kwayoyin dabara homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. abu a cikin halitta albarkatun kasa sau da yawa tafiya tare phenol, kuma yana maganin antiseptik Properties. Sauran homologues na phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical dabara - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Abu kwayoyin dabara - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Ana amfani da a yi na dyes, magunguna, aromatic mahadi.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical dabara - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Amfani da roba kwayoyin sunadarai, da kuma magani.
• Vanillin fãce phenolic m ƙunshi wani ether kungiyar da kuma wani aldehyde saura. Kwayoyin dabara fili - C ₈ H ₈ Yã _3. Vanillin ne yadu amfani a matsayin wucin gadi daɗin ci.

Formula reagent domin ganewa na phenols

Ingantaccen tabbatar da dalilin da phenol za a iya za'ayi amfani bromine. A sakamakon da aka canza dauki wani farin precipitate tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) ne a canza launin a cikin koren launi a gaban narkar ferric chloride. Tare da wannan reagent reacts phenol da wani triphenol aka kafa da ciwon Violet launi. Ingantaccen dauki zuwa resorcinol - bayyanar duhu Violet launi a gaban ferric chloride. A hankali, da launi daga cikin bayani ya koma baki. Da dabara na reagent, wanda ake amfani da su gane wasu phenol da homologs, - FeCl ₃ (ferric chloride (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - duk phenols. A general dabara na abu domin sanin membobinsu na wadannan mahadi ga aromatic jerin. Duk da gudanar da mahadi dauke a cikin dabara phenyl m C ₆ H _5, tare da abin da hydroxy kungiyoyin suna kai tsaye da nasaba da nuna musamman Properties. Sun bambanta daga barasa ne mafi kyau bayyana acidic yanayi. Idan aka kwatanta da abubuwa homologue jerin benzene, phenols - more aiki sinadaran fili.