Single-masana'antu garuruwa - menene wannan? Support da kuma ci gaban guda-masana'antu garuruwa Rasha

In mun gwada kwanan nan, a cikin harshen, wani sabon kalmar - masana'antu gari. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai real al'amari na mu tattalin arziki, duk da haka kadan karatu.

Ma'ana

A ra'ayi na "daya-masana'antu gari" a cikin al'adar kasar mu nufin kõme ba, kamar yadda "birni-factory." Ya tana nufin zuwa kusa da alaka tsakanin zama na kauye, kuma babban isa a yanzu. A daya shuka ko factory aka kira a matsayin gida tattalin arziki mainstays. Don kwanan wata, ba shi yiwuwa a sami a cikin majalisu tsarin, wanda yake nufin "daya-masana'antu gari". Wannan kalma ne kawai a fakaice a cikin dokokin, wanda koma zuwa birni-kafa sha'anin.

Akwai wasu dabara na yankin raya kasa, wanda za a iya gano ta daya-masana'antu gari. Wannan shi ne wani gari a cikinsa fiye da ashirin da biyar cikin dari na mazauna aiki da wannan kamfanin. Kuma samar da wannan masana'anta ko ma'aikata da samar da 50% shafi kawai ga daya musamman masana'antu.

Single-masana'antu garuruwa - shi ne quite wani hadadden tsarin. Ga akwai wani inextricable mahada tsakanin sha'anin da ƙauyuka. Bugu da ƙari, cikin mafi girma a shuka ko factory ne ba kawai tattalin arziki aiki. A irin wannan aikin mãla'iku da kuma zamantakewa nauyi, ta haka ne na tabbatar da ganin duk yanayin rayuwa a yankin. Duk da haka, wannan halin da ake ciki take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa kerarre kayayyakin da wani babban kudin. Yana hada da kudin na rike da zamantakewa Sphere. A sakamakon haka, karshe samfurin saboda ta high kudin ba zai iya gasa a cikin kasuwar.

shaida

Wanne gari za a iya kasafta a matsayin single-masana'antu? A cewar masana, wannan ne ƙauyuka, inda:

1. aiki daya ko dama kama kasuwanci da wannan reshe m. A lokaci guda duk da wasu tattalin arziki abokai na gari sa kayayyakin kawai ga bukatun da yawan jama'a.

2. Akwai sarkar na kasuwanci da suke da tsakanin wani tsari na sadarwa da kuma aiki a kan daya musamman karshen kasuwar (fãce waɗanda suka ƙera kayayyakin bukatun garin).

3. The samun kudin shiga na gida kasafin kudin sun fi mayar dogara a kan wasan kwaikwayon na daya ko fiye kasuwanci.

4. The yawan yana kama abun da ke ciki masu sana'a.

Bugu da kari, daya-masana'antu gari - wani gari ayi a wani babba nesa daga wasu birane, ko ya ci gaba da alaka da waje duniya a cikin nau'i na hanyoyi, tarho networks, da dai sauransu ...

Rarrabuwa da irin

Ma'aikatar Regional Development na Rasha Federation daukan la'akari a cikin jerin dukan Rasha kamfanin garuruwa. Lissafa su a yau ya hada da 460 ƙauyuka. A lokaci guda, suna kasu dama iri. Saboda haka, Rasha kamfanin garuruwa ne:

- da daya kafa sha'anin;

- zama da tauraron dan adam na manyan birane.

- dole 'yan kamfanin garuruwa.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan iri kamfanin garuruwa na da halaye na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, musamman bukatun a cikin abun ciki na zamantakewa kansu.

fitowan

Monocity Rasha fara jerin your ba a wannan lokaci, a lokacin da aiki shirya tattalin arzikin tarayyar Soviet. Duk abin da ya faru da yawa a baya. A farko Rasha kamfanin garuruwa sun taso a lokacin zamanin mulkin Peter I. Yana wani lokacin a duk faɗin ƙasar don tsara sabon samarwa, kamar wani zane factory, da baƙin ƙarfe ayyukansu.

Areas na ci gaba a lokacin su ne wuraren kiwo nata da Urals. Wasu shuke-shuke, ƙauyuka na cewa lokaci har yanzu wanzu. Yana Asha, Irbit da sauransu.

wani sabon mataki

A ci gaba da guda-masana'antu birni sake fara a cikin marigayi 19th karni. A wannan lokacin, ma'aikata 'ƙauyuka tashi a kan tushen da kwal, da kuma haske masana'antu. Saboda haka, godiya ga ci gaban masana'antu da samar suna da irin ƙauyuka kamar yadda Pavlov Posad, Orekhovo-, Shuya da Drezna. Mutane da yawa hakar gwal monocities faru a wannan lokaci a cikin Rostov kuma Kemerovo yankuna.

Da kafa Soviet ikon

A mataki na gaba na wadannan matsugunai shi ne farkon da thirties na karshe karni. A waɗannan m sau, lokacin da yake bunkasa matasa Soviet jihar, daya-masana'antu gari - shi da wani ɓangare na yankin-samar da hadaddun. Daga cikin mafi daukan hankali misalai na irin wannan ƙauyuka - Novokuznetsk, Magnitogorsk da Apatity. Wasu mainstays na zamani da aka gina ta amfani da aiki gulag fursunoni. Alal misali, Norilsk da Vorkuta.

Fitarwa na manyan kamfanonin

A manyan yawan guda-masana'antu garuruwa bayyana a cikin kasar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Sun fito a kan tushen da kwashe Enterprises. Daga baya, wasu daga cikin wadannan ma'aikata 'ƙauyuka sun garwaya da gari na kusa. An misali ne Bezymyanka, shiga zuwa Kuibyshev da Tankograd, ya zama wani ɓangare Chelyabinsk. Wasu daga cikin kwashe Enterprises baya ya zama birni-kafa da kansu. An misali ne Shadrinsk. Yana samo asali a kan tushen da kwashe daga Moscow ZIL shuka.

A postwar shekaru

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, karfe samar iya aiki a wurin data kasance kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized birane. Haka ya faru, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a gabacin ƙasa da Rasha. A nan, kamfanin kuma suka zama gida tattalin arziki mainstays. Misalan sun ha] sosai na musamman birnin Power, wanda aka located nisa daga makaman nukiliya da kuma thermal ikon shuke-shuke. Yana Kirovsk, Volgorechensk, Novomichurinsk da t. D. specialization kuma daban-daban birane kamar Megino, Urai da Neftegorsk. Akwai kamfanonin tsunduma a hakar iskar gas da kuma man fetur. Har ila yau, ya fara bayyana kamfanin garuruwa wanda yawan aka aiki hakar ma'adinai da kuma sinadaran raw kayan, da Karafa, Kwal, nonferrous karafa da kuma kayan gini. A daidai wannan lokacin, godiya ga manufofin na ci gaba da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, da ciwon manyan nama-shiryawa da shuke-shuke, sukari da kuma cuku factory. Suka gina a da yawa yankin cibiyoyin dake a Turai na kasar mu. Misalai na irin wannan matsugunai Scrofula (Kursk yankin), Starodub (Bryansk yankin), Buzz da Petuhovo (Kurgan Region) da kuma da yawa wasu.

Don aiwatar da makaman nukiliya da kuma kare manufofin na Rasha rufaffiyar kamfanin garuruwa da aka kafa a kasar. Yana Kurchatov da iyakacin duniya, Snezhinsk da Baikonur. Irin wannan birane sun m administrative raka'a, iyakance shigarwa da kuma fita daga jama'a, kazalika da ciwon musamman kayayyaki.

A m cin gaban kimiyya da fasaha yuwuwar na Rasha shi ne dalilin da ga halittar kimiyya birane. A farko gwaji da aka za'ayi a Novosibirsk Akademgorodok. Da dama daga bisani aka gina Troitsk da Obninsk, Chernogolovka da Dubna, Zelenograd, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Tuni a cikin marigayi 80-ies karni na karshe a Rasha akwai game da hudu guda-masana'antu garuruwa. A mahimmin juzu'in wadannan matsugunai da aka gina kusa da itacen aiki da gandunan daji, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da kuma inji ginin.

A rarrabe guda-masana'antu garuruwa

Ƙauyuka gina a nan da nan kusanci da manyan kamfanonin da kusa dangane da su. Haka kuma shi ne ya lura ba kawai a cikin tattalin arziki amma kuma a cikin zaman jama'a Sphere. Kai-kafa sha'anin samar da rayuwar al'ummar jihar.

A lokacin Soviet sau, aiki monocities samu sashe gidaje. A kan ma'auni na Mills da kuma masana'antu sun boilers da kindergartens da makarantu da kuma asibitoci. A masana'antu hadaddun ne domin ya ɗauki halin kaka na samar da kayan more rayuwa, ciki har da halin kaka a cikin kudin da kansa kayayyakin. Da zuwan na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci, wannan ya kai ga rashin gasa irin wannan Enterprises.

labarin kasa

Me ake nufi da daya-masana'antu gari na kasar mu? Wannan kauye, wadda ke goyon bayan aikin wani mai manyan sha'anin, kuma ta haka ne yin su taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihar. Domin iyakar yadda ya dace, da aikin na su guda-masana'antu garuruwa suna ko da yaushe located tare da tunani da manyan adibas, masana'antu zone ci gaban jihar da sauransu. D.

Saboda haka, a cikin sintering zone ne irin monotown kamar yadda Voskresensk, Kirishy da Novomoskovsk. Su birnin-kafa abubuwa ne abokai alaka da metallurgical da kuma sinadaran masana'antu. High tattalin arziki matsayi monocity tauraron dan adam sinter zone faruwa a saboda da kusanci zuwa manyan administrative cibiyar. Wannan damar jihar ware kasa kudade don kula da zamantakewa yanayi na kauye.

A gabashin da kuma arewacin yankunan da Rasha gina babban adadin guda-masana'antu garuruwa, kwarewa a cikin aiki da albarkatun kasa. Yana Nizhnevartovsk da Surgut, Usinsk da Novy Urengoy.

A bisa ga al'ada, don saukar guda-masana'antu garuruwa don amfani da yankin masana'antu bel na kasar, wanda aka located a cikin Urals da kuma kudancin Siberia. Akwai aka gina Krasnoturinsk, Beloretsk, Sayanogorsk, da sauransu. Monocities na bel, kamfanin da lãbãri a gare metallurgy da kuma injiniyan inji, mafi disadvantaged a cikin zaman jama'a Sphere. Wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne saboda su manyan nesa daga manyan administrative cibiyoyin.

matsalolin da

Da zuwan da nineties karni na karshe da girma da guda-masana'antu garuruwa da ke cikin wani mawuyacin hali. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta:

- dakushe a samar da matakan.

- decoupling shirya tattalin arzikin.

- rashin iyawa daga cikin manyan kayayyakin don gasa a cikin kasuwar.

- babban adadin kayan more rayuwa a kan auna takardar.

Duk wadannan abubuwan ƙwarai rinjayi tabarbarewar da ingancin rayuwa da jama'ar na daya-garuruwa. Matsalar wadannan ma'aikata kauyuka ta'allaka ne da cewa a yankin ƙasarsu kamfanin rasa wani gagarumin ɓangare na kasuwar. A musamman wuya halin da ake ciki ne a cikin wadanda garuruwa wanda tattalin arziki sun mamaye wani nan kusa masana'antu hadaddun. Ta yaya za a iya samu daga wani rikicin halin da ake ciki wannan kamfanin garuruwa? Jihar goyon bayan da ake bukata da ake nufi.

A musamman wuya halin da ake ciki an rufe kamfanin garuruwa. A dangane da asarar bukatar da kayayyakin da suka kasance a kan gab da nau'i nau'i. Rashin kudade daga jihar a karkashin jagorancin zuwa lõkacin fatara daga kimiyya da bincike, kuma mafi girma rashin aikin yi. A ranar, da shirin rufe rubuta guda-masana'antu garuruwa kamata a dogara ne a kan data kasance a cikin su da wata babbar m rikicin. Bayan da jihar, kula da ta tsaro da, shi da niyyar ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan da wadannan high-tech Enterprises. A ranar, da rufaffiyar kamfanin garuruwa fara nuna kayayyakin don fitarwa. Alal misali, located in Novouralsk Electrochemical Shuka samar da low-wadãtar da uranium a Spain, Jamus, Faransa, Sweden, Great Britain, Finland da kuma CIS kasashe.

Hanyoyi don magance matsalar

"Na daya-birane" shirin na iya samun mahara fita inji daga yanzu halin da ake ciki. A farko daga gare su - da kasuwar. Domin da aiwatar bukatar muhallinsa na ma'aikata a waɗannan birane, wanda za su iya samar da su da aiki. Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli. Daga cikin su - da rashin gidaje da kuma rashin samuwa jobs a cikin aiki kasuwa. Low motsi na aiki da ake dangantawa da babbar expanses na kasar mu. Bugu da kari, mazan mutane, wanda da yawa a cikin kamfanin garuruwa, yana da wuya a karya daga wuri, kai maimatawar horaswa da kuma daidaita da wa sabon yanayi.

A mafi dace da mafita ga matsalolin da na daya-garuruwa ne zuwa manyan-sikelin jihar goyon baya ko a cikin juyin halitta na birane ayyuka. A cikin farko idan na ba-kasuwanci dandali za a iya amfani da shi don ci gaban wani sabon kasuwanci. Sa'an nan a jihar kamata hukunci a yawan amfãni ga mutãne waɗanda bã tsirar kayayyakin nan. A karo na biyu idan, da asarar birnin so su na asali ayyuka. Kamfanin za a rufe, da kuma gari zama cibiyar da ake noma yankin.