Viennese litattafansu: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Viennese gargajiya makaranta

Viennese litattafansu ya shigo duniya music tarihi a matsayin manyan kawo canji na m salo. Su aiki ne ba kawai na musamman a kanta, shi ne m ga cewa m kara raya m wasan kwaikwayo nau'o'i, styles da yayi. Da rubuce-rubucen sa harsashin abin da a yau aka dauke su na gargajiya music.

Janar halaye na zamanin

Wadannan mawallafa da a kowa ne cewa da suka aikata a nuna daga cikin manyan al'adu da tarihi da yanayi dazamani na classicism da romanticism. Viennese litattafansu sun rayu a wani lokaci na mika mulki, a lokacin da akwai wani aiki search for sabon siffofin, ba kawai a music amma kuma adabi, da zanen, gine. Duk wannan yake sun fi mayar m shugabanci na da ayyukan da matsaloli na ayyuka. XVIII - na farko da rabi na XIX karni aka alama ta manyan jam'iyyun siyasa upheavals, yaƙe-yaƙe, wanda a zahiri juya taswirar na Turai da kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan zukatan zamani masana da ilimi da'irori al'umma. Babu togiya da Viennese litattafansu. Alal misali, a fiye da aka sani cewa da Napoleonic wars matukar yin tasiri a aikin na Beethoven, wanda ya yi cikin sanannen Symphony 9 ( "Choral") yana da ra'ayin a duniya hadin kai da kuma zaman lafiya. Shi ne mai irin amsar dukan waɗanda cataclysms da ya girgiza nahiyar Turai a dauke lokaci.

al'adu rai

Viennese litattafansu sun rayu a wani lokaci a lõkacin da Baroque iri na cikin bango, da kuma rawar da haddasa aka buga wani sabon shugabanci. Yana burin jituwa siffofin, dayantaka na abun da ke ciki, sabili da haka ya ki lush siffofin na wancan lokacin. Classicism ya ƙayyade al'adu hali na Turai da dama jihohi. Amma a lokaci guda shi ya riga da hali ya shawo kan m siffofin da wannan yunkuri da kuma halittar karfi ayyukan tare da abubuwa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ko da bala'i. Me kasance na farko da ãyõyin fitowan Romanticism, wanda aka ayyana da al'adu cin gaban dukan na 19th karni.

opera garambawul

Viennese litattafansu taka babbar rawa a ci gaban da duk music nau'o'i da lokaci a karkashin review. Kowane daga cikinsu, sai su yi magana, musamman a cikin wani daya style ko nau'i na music, amma a cimma su shiga zinariya asusu na duniya music. Gluck (mawaki) shi ne mafi girma da kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun marubuta da lokaci. Rawar da ya taka a ci gaban da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba za a iya overestimated: shi ne ya ba da opera Genre, da karshe fom in wanda muka san shi a yau. Christopher Gluck ta abin yabo ta'allaka ne da cewa ya na farko tako daga fahimtar wasan opera kamar yadda wani aiki ya nuna vocal damar iya yin komai, amma ƙasƙantattu m farkon wasan kwaikwayo.

darajar

Gluck - mawaki, wanda ya sanya wasan kwaikwayo a real spectacle. A cikin ayyukansu, kazalika a cikin rubuce-rubucen na mabiyansa maher ya zama sun fi mayar dogara ne a kan kalmomi. A mãkirci, kuma abun da ke ciki, da kuma mafi muhimmanci - cikin wasan kwaikwayo, ya fara ayyana da ci gaban da m line. Saboda haka, wasar kwaikwayo ta waka daina zama zalla nisha, amma shi ya juya a cikin wani tsanani nau'i na m halitta da wani hadadden drama, ban sha'awa daga wani m ra'ayi, haruffa, m abun da ke ciki.

da mawaki ayyukan

Viennese gargajiya makaranta shi ne tushen dukan duniya na m gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Yawa bashi ga wannan nasa ne da glitch. Ya wasar kwaikwayo ta waka "Orpheus da Eurydice" ya mai nasara a cikin wannan salo. Marubucin mayar da hankali da hankali ba a kan virtuosity na kisa, da kuma a kan wasan kwaikwayo na haruffa, don haka da cewa samfurin samu ne sauti da kuma aiwatar da haka ya zuwa yanzu. Sauran wasar kwaikwayo ta waka - "Alceste" - ya kuma kasance wani sabon kalma a duniya na music. Austria mawaki sake jadadda a kan ci gaban da labarin line, don haka da cewa samfurin ya samu wani karfi m connotation. A rubuce-rubuce da aka yi a kan har yanzu mafi kyau matakai na duniya, wanda ya nuna cewa garambawul na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, gudanar da Gluck, ya na asali muhimmancin ga juyin halitta daga m wasan kwaikwayo a general kuma ya bayyana kara raya wasar kwaikwayo ta waka a cikin wancan shugabanci.

A na gaba mataki na ci gaba

Austria mawaki Haydn, ma, nasa ne da galaxy shahara mawallafa da suka sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga gyara daga m nau'o'i. Ya aka fi sani da mahaliccin kade-kade da kuma quartets. Godiya a gare su, da Maestro da aka samun shahararsa ba kawai a Jamhuriyar kasashen Turai, amma kuma bayan. A mafi yadu a san suna da ayyukansa, wanda aka kunshe a cikin sharhin na duniya a karkashin sunan "The goma sha biyu London kade-kade." Suna halin kyakkyawan sa fata da kuma joie de vivre, wanda, duk da haka, shi ne halayyar kusan dukan ayyukan da wannan mawaki.

art Features

A halayyar siffa daga cikin ayyukan Yozefa Gaydna shi ne dangane da almara. A cikin ayyukan da mawaki ta sosai na kowa su ji song kuma dance motifs cewa sanya aikinsa haka recognizable. Wannan yana nuna irin hali na marubucin, wanda a da yawa hanyoyi kamantuwa da Mozart, la'akari da shi mafi kyau songwriter a duniya. Ya aro shi da m haske launin waƙa cewa sanya shi aiki musamman ma'ana da haske kara.

sauran ayyukan

Haydn ta opera ba ji dadin irin wannan fadi da shahararsa, kamar yadda ya quartets da kade-kade. Duk da haka, wannan m Genre bautar wani shahararren wuri a cikin aikin na Austria mawaki, don haka ya kamata mu ambaci wasu daga cikin ayyukan da wannan irin, da karin cewa su ne wani gagarumin milestone a cikin m aiki. Daya daga cikin operas ne mai suna "harhaɗa magunguna" da kuma aka rubuta domin bude na sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A 'yan mafi ayyukan wannan irin Haydn, ya kuma sanya wani sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo da ginin. Ya rubuta yafi a cikin style of Italian opera buffa da kuma wani lokacin sa tare comic da kuma ban mamaki abubuwa.

Cikin shahararrun ayyukan

Haydn quartets ne da gaskiya da ake kira Pearl na duniya na gargajiya music. Su sõyayya da ka'idodi na mawaki: da ladabi da tsari, da virtuosity na kisa, kaffa sauti, thematic bambancin da asali hanyar kisa. Daya daga cikin shahararrun sake zagayowar kira "Rasha", kamar yadda sadaukar da Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, nan gaba Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Paul I. Wani rukuni na quartets yi nufi ga Sarkin Prussia. Wadannan ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin wani sabon iri, kamar yadda shi ne rashin m sauti, da richness da contrasting m sautunan. Yana da da irin wannan music Genre da mawaki ya samu duniya-fadi da muhimmanci. Ga shi ya kamata a lura da cewa marubucin sau da yawa koma ga abin da ake kira "surprises" a cikin rubuce-rubucen, yin m m wurare a cikin wadanda wuraren da jama'a ke sa ran akalla. Daga cikin wadannan sabon abu ayyukan nasa ne da "Yara Symphony" ta Haydn.

Janar halaye na Mozart ta kerawa

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin shahararrun marubuta daga cikin music, wanda har yanzu tana da m shahararsa ta classic magoya kuma ƙaunar a duk faɗin duniya. Nasarar ayyukansa, saboda su ne daban-daban ma'ana jituwa da kammala. A wannan batun, da yawa masu bincike sanyã halittarsa wannan zamanin na classicism. Duk da haka, wasu yi imani da cewa Viennese mawaki ya da wani harbinger na Romanticism: bayan duk a cikin ayyukansu riga fili Trend zuwa siffar da karfi kwarai images, kazalika da zurfin m nazarin haruffa (a cikin wannan harka muna magana ne game da wasan kwaikwayo). Duk abin da ya, amma ayyukan da Maestro bambanta da zurfin da a lokaci guda m sauƙi na ji, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma fata. Su ne sauki da kuma m zuwa ji na kowane, amma a lokaci guda sosai tsanani kuma philosophic a ciki da kuma sauti. Wannan shi ne sabon abu da ya nasara.

da mawaki na opera

Viennese gargajiya makaranta ya taka babbar rawa a ci gaban da opera salo. A babban abin yabo a wannan nasa ne Mozart. Wasanni sa a kan music ne har yanzu Popular kuma son ba kawai istyh music magoya, amma kuma da taro jama'a. Wata kila wannan shi ne kawai mawaki wanda music ko ta wani hanya kowa ya sani, ko da idan suna da kusan ra'ayin aikinsa.

Mafi shahara wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, watakila, shi ne "Aure na Figaro". Wannan shi ne mai yiwuwa mafi gaisuwa da kuma funny a lokaci guda wani matsanancin aiki na marubucin. Humor sauti kusan kowane ɓangare na cewa ya bayar da shi don haka rare. Shahararren aria na protagonist na gaba rana wani real hit. Mozart ta music - mai haske, m, fitina, amma a lokaci guda dada hikima a cikin sauki - nan da nan lashe duniya soyayya da kuma yarda.

Wani shahararren wasan kwaikwayo Poster - "Don Giovanni". By shahararsa, shi ne watakila ba na baya zuwa sama: staging wannan wasan kwaikwayon za a iya gani a zamaninmu. Nuni da cewa wani m rikitarwa tarihi na mutum mawaki gabatar a cikin sauqi qwarai, kuma a lokaci guda tsanani form, game da shi nuna sake ta zurfin fahimtar rayuwa. A wannan aiki na m baiwa ya ya iya nuna da kuma ban mamaki, da kuma kaffa aka gyara da dukan ayyukan da ya ke inseparably nasaba da juna.

opera "The Magic sarewa" ba kasa mashahuri ne a zamanin yau. Mozart ta music ya kai shi ganiya a expressiveness. A wannan aiki shi ne haske, airy, fun, kuma a lokaci guda musamman tsanani, don haka wanda zai iya kawai mamaki yadda marubucin gudanar a cikin irin wannan sauki, jitu sauti don isar da dukan falsafa tsarin. Akwai sauran mawaki ta operas, misali, za a iya yanzu za a ji daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, "La Clemenza di Tito", duka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wake-wake yi. Saboda haka, operatic Genre shagaltar da wata babbar wuri a cikin aikin da m mawaki.

mutum samfurin

A mawaki ya yi aiki a hanyoyi dabam dabam, da kuma halitta da babban yawan m ayyukansu. Mozart, "Night Music," wanda, misali, sun dade tafi a hayin concert wasanni da kuma aka yadu da aka sani, rubuta wani mai sauqi qwarai da kuma m harshe. Zai yiwu shi ya sa shi ne sau da yawa kira a baiwa jituwa. Ko da a cikin ban tausayi ayyukan shi busa motif bege. A "Requiem," sai ya bayyana tunani game da makoma mai kyau rayuwa, don haka da cewa ,, duk da ban tausayi sautin na music, da samfurin bar wata gabar haskaka zaman lafiya.

Mozart concert kuma siffofi da siriri jituwa da ma'ana ƙarshe. All sassa ne batun guda topic, kuma united da na kowa muradi, wanda ya kafa sautin domin dukan aikin. Saboda haka, yana music don sauraron a daya Sitting. A wannan nau'i na Genre aiwatuwa da ka'idodi na mawaki: wani jitu hade da sauti da kuma sassa, da haske da sauti lokaci guda virtuoso ƙungiyar makaɗa. Babu wani da zai haka siririn gina su music, kamar Mozart. "Night Music" mawaki - shi ne wani sabon misali a wani jitu hade da daban-daban kara sassa. Gaisuwa da kuma babbar wurare an maye gurbinsu da wani kawai audible rhythmic virtuoso jam'iyyun.

Dabam, shi ya kamata a ce game da talakawa da marubucin. Su gane prominently a cikin aikinsa da kuma, kazalika da sauran ayyuka, imbued tare da ji na bege da haske haskake farin ciki. Ya kamata ka kuma ambaci sanannen "Turkish tilawa", wanda ya tafi a hayin concert wasanni, don haka shi sau da yawa za ji ko da a tallace a talabijin. Amma mafi girma ji na jituwa, watakila, yana da wani shagali na Mozart, a cikin abin da manufa na ma'ana cikawa kai mafi girma mataki.

A takaice game da Beethoven

Wannan mawaki ne gaba ɗaya nasa ne da zamanin mulkin romanticism. Lokacin da Iogann Amadey Motsart tsaye kamar yadda suke a bakin ƙofar gargajiya da kuma sabon shugabanci, da Ludwig van Beethoven gaba daya switched ga gunki na karfi sha'awa, mai iko ji da kuma zababbun cikin ayyukansu. Ya kasance watakila mafi shahararren wakilin romanticism. Nuni da cewa, Magana game da ban mamaki, ban tausayi jigogi, ya rubuta daya kawai wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. Babban Genre domin shi ya zauna kade-kade da kuma sonatas. Ya aka yaba da gyara daga waɗannan ayyuka, kazalika da Gluck da zarar sāke opera yi.

Daya daukan hankali alama na mawaki shi ne cewa babban jigo daga cikin ayyukansa ne siffar da wani iko, Titanic so hali cewa wata babbar kokarin da nufin shawo kan matsaloli da kuma duk cikas. Har ila yau, mai yawa sarari LV Beethoven a cikin rubuce-rubucen sa jigo na gwagwarmaya da kuma juriya, kazalika da muradi a duniya hadin kai.

Wasu sada facts

Ya zo daga wani iyali na kida. Mahaifinsa so yaron ya zama wani shahararren mawaki, saboda haka, aikatã game da shi da resorting to wajen tsanani da hanyoyin. Zai yiwu shi ya sa yaron ya girma m, kuma harsh da yanayi, wanda baya shafi aikinsa. Beethoven rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Vienna, inda ya yi karatu tare da Haydn, amma wadannan darussa sosai da sauri buri da kuma dalibi da malami. Last biya da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa matasa marubucin aka mamaye a wajen ciki motifs da aka dauka a wancan lokaci.

Biography Beethoven a takaicce gaya ma game da lokacin da ya fi sha'awa, neman 'yancin gwagwarmaya. Napoleonic War, ya yi da farko samu tare da babbar sha'awa, amma daga baya, lokacin da Napoleon ya yi kira a kansa sarki, ya ba har da ra'ayin rubuta wani bututun sauti a masa mutunci. A 1796, Ludwig fara rasa jinsa. Duk da haka, wannan bai katse masa m aiki. Riga kasancewa gaba daya kurãme, ya rubuta sanannun 9 taron makada, wanda ya zama wani real fitacciyar a duniya music repertoire. Beethoven biography (takaice dai magana game da wannan ba zai yiwu) ma ya ƙunshi bayani game da Maestro da abota da shahararren mutane na zamaninsa. A duk da mugun da kuma kaifi hali, shi ya kasance wani aboki na mawaki Weber, Goethe da sauran shugabannin gargajiya da zamani.

Cikin shahararrun ayyukan

Mun riga mun ambata cewa halayyar alama na aikin L. V. Bethovena ya zuwa nuna wani karfi, wani tunanin, gwagwarmaya da sha'awa, shawo kan matsalolin. musamman ware "Appassionata" Daga cikin ayyukan wannan salo, wanda shi ne ya inflame ji da motsin zuciyarmu, watakila, shi ne daya daga cikin karfi. Lokacin da aka tambaye game da mawaki ya ganewa na halitta, shi ake Shakespeare play "The hadari", wadda bisa ga shi, da kuma aiki a matsayin wani tushe na yi wahayi zuwa. Marubucin fa, tã da daidaici tsakanin muradi Titanic gusts a cikin abun da ke ciki na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, da m fassarar da jigo.

Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri ayyukan marubucin - yana da "Moonlight Sonata", wanda, a akasin haka, imbued tare da ji na jituwa da kuma natsuwa, kamar yadda idan da bambanci da ban mamaki music ya kade-kade. Yana da muhimmanci cewa sunan wannan samfurin ya ba da mawaki ta Sahaban, watakila saboda music ne reminiscent teku wasa mai shiru dare. Yana da wadannan kungiyoyin yi mafi sauraro a lokacin da sauraron wannan sonata. Babu kasa, kuma watakila ma mafi m shahara aiki, "Fur Elise" wanda da mawaki sadaukar da matarsa na Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I Elizavete Alekseevne (Louise). Wannan abun da ke ciki rinjayar da m hade da motifs da kuma tsanani huhu ban mamaki wurare a tsakiyar. A wuri na musamman a cikin ayyukansu na Maestro daukan kawai wasar kwaikwayo ta waka "Fidelio" (fassara a matsayin "Gaskiya" da Italian harshen). Wannan aikin, kamar wasu da dama, ne Ribar da pathos 'yanci da kuma kira ga' yanci. "Fidelio" har yanzu ba bar fage daga cikin manyan opera gidaje a duniya, ko da yake da amincewa da opera samu, kamar yadda kusan ko da yaushe ya faru, ba nan da nan.

tara Symphony

Wannan aiki ne watakila mafi kyau da aka sani a cikin sauran ayyukan da mawaki. Yana da aka rubuta shekaru uku kafin mutuwarsa a 1824. Tara Symphony ƙarasa da tsawo da kuma perennial nema na mawaki a cikin halittar cikakken symphonic aiki. Ya bambanta daga dukkan baya wadanda a cewa, da farko, shi ya gabatar da choral part (sanannen "Ode zuwa Joy" by F. Schiller), kuma abu na biyu, shi ya sauya tsarin da mawaki na symphonic salo. Babban taken ne a hankali saukar ta hanyar kowane ɓangare na aiki. A farkon taron makada ne quite duhu, nauyi, amma ko da daga baya busa m muradi sasantawa da kuma samun haskaka, wanda aka girma da ci gaban da wani m abun da ke ciki. A karshe, a karshe shi sauti kyawawan iko choral tsarkakewa, kiran dukkan mutane na duniya gama. Kamar wancan ne mawaki kara jaddada babban ra'ayin na aikinsa. Ya so za a yi tunani an bayyana a fili yadda shi ne zai yiwu, saboda haka, ba a iyakance ba zuwa kawai music, amma shigar da kisa da mawaƙa. Symphony wani laifin nasara: na farko jama'a gabatar da mawaki shirya wani a tsaye ovation. Nuni da cewa LV Beethoven hada shi, kasancewa riga gaba daya kurãme mutum.

Tamanin da Viennese makaranta

Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven ya zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na gargajiya music ya yi wani banbanci a kan sauran ya m tarihi, ba kawai a Turai amma a ko'ina cikin duniya. Darajar da wadannan composers kuma su bayar da gudunmawar da gyara daga cikin m gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba za a iya overestimated. Aiki a da dama nau'o'i, sun halitta wani nau'i na kashi da aiki a kan tushen da abin da mabiyansa su tsara sabon ayyukansu. Mutane da yawa da suka halittun ya dade tafi a hayin concert wasanni da kuma aka alama a cikin fina-finai, a talabijin. "Turkish tilawa", "Moonlight Sonata" da kuma wasu ayyukan da wadannan marubuta suna sani ba kawai don music masoya, amma har da waɗanda suka ba su saba da na gargajiya music kusa. Viennese gargajiya mataki na ci gaba, da yawa masu bincike na gaskiya, da ake kira kayyade factor a cikin tarihi na music, domin shi ne a cikin wannan lokaci aza ka'idodi domin samar da rubuta operas, kade-kade, sonatas da quartets.