A World Heritage Site ta UNESCO. List of Turai da kuma Asiya, tarihi na duniya

Popular sau da yawa mun ji cewa wannan ko wancan abin tunawa, na halitta abu, ko ma dukan birnin ne a kan jerin UNESCO Duniya Heritage Site. Kuma kwanan nan ko fara magana game da ko iskar al'adunmu na bil'adama. Mene ne wannan? Wa hada Monuments da kuma jan hankali a cikin shahararrun jerin? By abin da sharudda ayyana wadannan Duniya Heritage shafukan? Don me wannan yi da kuma abin da suke amfanin? Abin da ya shahara abubuwa iya fariya kasar mu? Amurka na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet? Turai da kuma Asiya? Kuma dukan duniya? Bari mu bincika wannan tambaya.

tarihi jerin

Oddly isa, da jerin UNESCO, wanda shi ne yanzu a kan kowa na lebe, yana da wani m gajeren tarihi. Yana duk ya fara a shekara ta 1972 lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta soma Yarjejeniyar Division, tsara don kare da kuma adana al'adun gargadiya na dukan mutanen duniya. Sa'an nan na farko da sharudda da aka ɓullo da, wanda aka ƙaddara da Duniya Heritage shafukan da mutum halitta. International daftarin aiki zo cikin karfi a shekarar 1975. Amma daga baya na samu "skew": ya juya daga cewa mafi daga cikin kare kansu a cikin jerin ne a Turai, yayin da a Australia, Oceania, America, sun yi matukar 'yan. Amma a cikin wadannan sassa na duniya ma da wani abu a kare da kuma kare. Amazing kyau na halitta, m dutsen kunsa, wannan babban murjani Reef, misali, ko cikin shahararrun Grand Canyon. Sa'an nan aka yanke shawarar fadada daga cikin yarjejeniyar, kuma a hada a cikin jerin halitta al'adunmu shafukan. Domin su, kamar yadda su sharudda da aka ɓullo da. Kuma, a karshe, tuni a cikin karni da muka fara magana game da gaskiyar cewa akwai wadanda ba abu mamaki. Ba za su iya "ji" a matsayin tsohon birnin na Teotihuacan a Mexico ko Sundarbans mangoro a Bangladesh. Duk da haka, su ma musamman, wanda da gudummawar da m ci gaban 'yan Adam. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa wani sabon jerin - na ko iskar al'adunmu. A da shi, misali, hada da Jojiyanci ruwan inabi-yin hanya a cikin lãka amphorae kvevri da manyan ka'idojin da Rum abinci.

Abin da ya aikata ƙulla na Yarjejeniyar?

Menene wannan daftarin aiki da kuma abin da yake da rawar? Yanzu da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan World al'adu da kuma Halitta Heritage sanya hannu a ɗari da casa'in kasashen. A wannan hanya, sai suyi kare Duniya Heritage shafukan, wanda aka located a yankin ƙasarsu. Sai dai itace cewa da ƙulla da kara wasu wajibai. Amma abin da game da bonus? Su ma suna da. Da fari dai, shi ne a cikin jerin UNESCO - wanda ke nufin shiryar da su da wani gwaji kwarara daga yawon bude ido a wannan kasar. Bayan duk, mutane da yawa suna sha'awar dubi mafi-fi, abin da aka sanya a matsayin World Heritage abu. Kuma abu na biyu, a cikin wannan akwai wani sauki abu riba. Idan wani kasa ne kasa da cikakken tabbatar da kariya na halitta ko al'adu abu, domin ya kula da shi a cikin mai kyau yanayin taimakon kudi daga musamman Duniya Heritage Asusun aka kasaftawa a jihar. Amma, shi yana nufin da tarihi Tsarin cewa bukatar m sabuntawa. Saboda haka, kasashen da dama suna sha'awar da cewa UNESCO ya gane wasu Monuments na halitta , ko kuma al'adu na duniya al'adunmu. Sa'a, da kwamiti na musamman, tare da kungiyar a kowace shekara gudanar na kai bishara a zaman a request na Amurka ya yi la'akari, bisa ga yarda sharudda, kuma ya cancanci ko wani abu ne ya samu shiga cikin jerin shahararrun.

Halin da abu - wannan shi ne rayuwa?

Saboda haka, tare da m jerin sabunta kowace shekara. Amma ma'anar wannan cewa, da zarar ya ci gaba ta gida alama a jerin Duniya Heritage shafukan, kasar na iya zama a baya da kuma huta a kan mu laurels? Nisa daga gare shi. A wannan kwamitin vigilantly sa ido ci gaba da aiwatar da sharudda soma. Alal misali, bayan da gini a cibiyar Lviv (Ukraine) mummuna zamani banki gina gida gwamnati ya yi gargadin cewa wani irin tsarin da cewa warware da mutunci da gine-gine da gungu - da kuma birnin iya ce ban kwana ga membobinsu a cikin UNESCO jerin. Amma a Oman a shekara ta 2007 ya aka cire daga ajiye jerin girmamawa fari Arabian oryx tun da kwamitin ya gano cewa hukumomi ba su ƙaunar hana farauta da miyagun dabbobi. A wannan ãƙibar kwarin Elbe kusa Dresden a shekarar 2009. Kuma duk saboda a hanya gada, wanda hukumomin yankin sun unwisely fara gina a yankin na al'adu.

Saboda a wasu ɓangare na duniya watse daga cikin yaki, kazalika da raurawar asa, da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma sauran halitta, ko mutum ya bala'i, UNESCO ta kafa musamman jerin, wanda ya hada da Duniya Heritage shafukan da cewa su ne a karkashin barazana halaka. Wadannan riveted da hankali, kuma idan yana yiwuwa, shan gaggawa matakan kiyaye wadannan shafukan. Wadannan sun hada da wani "Lonesome George" - mafi shahara da takardun shaidar a duniya. Wannan shi ne wani namiji giant kunkuru, wanda zaune a cikin kasa shakatawa a kan Galapagos Islands. Shi ne ban sha'awa, domin shi ne na karshe rai wakilin jinsunan bace. Masana kimiyya suna aiki tukuru don nemo da mace, genetically kusa da George. Kamar idan na tilasta turuzu maniyyi da aka dauka. Lokacin da kimiyya za su isa mataki na ci gaba, shi ne fatan ka sake da irin wani wucin gadi hanya.

A sharudda ga kimantawa

Mene ne na ƙwarai halaye ne na halitta, ko al'adu abu ne da za a bayar da hada a cikin jerin shahara, da kuma fada karkashin laimar UNESCO? Abu na farko da ta zo hankali - shi ne ta m kyau. Kuma dangane da halitta mamaki ko wurare shi ne da gaske m. Saboda haka, Ha Long Bay a Vietnam ta Quang Ninh lardin, wakiltar wani spectacle "na fice na ado muhimmanci". A kwantar da hankula surface teku tsibiran warwatse dubban dama siffofi. Domin ganin wannan kyakkyawa, Vietnam aika miliyoyin masu yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Amma kyau - ba kawai rarrabẽwa. Alal misali, Muciya Reserve na monarch malam ko blue Whales Reserve El Vizcaino a Mexico ma kunshe a cikin jerin saboda suna da wani muhimmanci na halitta da mazauninsu na miyagun jinsin dabbobi ko shuke-shuke. Duniya Halitta Heritage site iya zama wani misali na daya daga cikin manyan matakai a cikin juyin halitta daga wannan duniya tamu, kuma ya zama wata alama ce da ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai. A cewar wannan qa'idar da jerin kasance Masar Valley of Wadi Al-Hitan, inda suka sami dadaddiyar dinosaur, volcanoes na Kamchatka, wasu ban sha'awa na halitta shafukan, wanda sukan gan da kuma kama dubban mutane.

Duniya al'adunmu shafukan

A wannan batun, zabin sharudda ne mafi hadaddun da m. Da farko, akwai shida. Don samun da jerin, da abu ya sadu da a kalla daya daga cikinsu. Alal misali, yana iya zama wani abu na kwarai, unprecedented, abin da ake kira mai fitacciyar adam baiwa. Great Wall of China ne kawai ya gana da wannan rarrabẽwa. Amma da batu na amfani na iya zama wani misali na wani al'ada ko wayewa. Site na zamanin d "Peking" mutumin a kasar Sin Zhoukoudian, a Neolithic birnin Mohenjo-Daro a Pakistan ko cibiyar na da Bruges ba mu cikakken hoto na yadda mutane suka zauna a waɗannan kwanaki da m zamanin. A definition irin wannan makaman ne batu ba kawai don wani guda gine-gine da tsarin, amma a dukan birane ci gaban, da tituna, ganuwar da ƙofofi. Accra, Damascus, Nessebar, Urushalima da Salzburg - duk wadannan garuruwa danganta daya - na tarihi cibiyar ne al'adun 'yan adam. A cewar wannan qa'idar Dwarf Vatican gaba ɗaya hada a cikin wannan jerin.

Amma da m jerin iya hada mutum da kuma jan hankali: majami'u, gadoji, murabba'ai, aqueducts, da kagara, da ma'aikatar magajin gari da kuma seigniorial hasumiya. Babban abu ne cewa wannan gine-gine da tsarin ko tsari zane ne na musamman da fice na tsawon tarihin dan Adam. Chartres Cathedral, mai Roman gada a cikin kusanci da Nîmes, windmills kusa Kinderdijk-Elskhaut a Holland, da kuma ko tururi famfo tashar a Vaud (Netherlands) - duk abubuwan da duniya al'adu. Amma dai ba duka. Tarik cewa suna tsaye hade da imani, da wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu, hadisai da kuma ra'ayoyin su ma dauke su wani invaluable ruhaniya al'adunmu na bil'adama. Saboda haka, jerin hada da yawa gidajen ibada, haikali, tsoho haikalin, dolmens, burials. Kuma wasu daga cikinsu ba su quite haka tsoho. Alal misali, gidãjen Aljanna a kan baranda kewaye da duniya ta ruhaniya cibiyar na Baha'i a Haifa (Isra'ila), da wani tarihi darajar. Amma babban haikalin, kazalika da zinariya-domed Shrine na Bab, ya kafa na Bahá'í addini, bayyana biyar da suka wuce, World Heritage Sites.

Halitta da al'adu da kuma kimiyya jan hankali

Akwai wurare a wannan duniyar tamu suka yi tsiwirwirinsu da muhimmancin ba kawai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na halitta matakai, amma kuma saboda anthropogenic dalilai. Wadannan su ne Monuments na UNESCO Duniya Heritage matsayin Tsakiya tsaunuka na Sri Lanka, rawayar} asa baranda domin girma shinkafa a Philippine Cordilleras, Wieliczka Salt Mine (Poland) da sauransu. Ba za a iya raba daga m softness na tuddai horar da gonakin inabinmu, da girman kai, mulkin gargajiya gidãje a cikin Rhine Valley a cikin sashe daga Mainz zuwa Bonn (Jamus). Har ila yau nasaba kango na gari Ieropolisa da farar ƙasa marẽmari na Pamukkale a Turkiyya.

Amma idan wadannan gani ne breathtaking a wani sauki, unsophisticated matafiya, sa'an nan kimanta abubuwa kawai kunkuntar kwararru za su iya fasaha da kimiyya al'adunmu na bil'adama. Dauki, misali, wata geodesic baka Struve. A kan ƙasa na Rasha tsira kawai biyu geodesic polygon kusa da garin Kingisepp "Z Point" da "Item Myakipyallyus". Domin da uninitiated dai kawai a fili dala gina na boulders. Amma geographers da cartographers san cewa a duniya da tsira kawai talatin da hudu daga cikin sau 258 binciken alamomi a kan wanda wani m masanin kimiyya Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Struve ya iya sosai daidai lissafi da size da kuma siffar wannan duniya tamu. A sarkar, mai suna bayan shi, ya wuce ta ashirin da biyar Meridian gabas da crosses kasashe da dama - daga Norway zuwa Moldova. A wasu wuraren da wadannan abubuwa a Turai World Heritage Site suna da wani nau'i na dutse tasa a kan wani pedestal ko wani kyakkyawan obelisk.

Akwai a cikin UNESCO jerin da kuma jan hankali, wanda tunatar da mu daga cikin bakin ciki, kuma ko da na jini shafukan tarihin mutane. Babu wani abu da kyau ba za ka samu a cikin barikin, gas da bẽnãye, kuma crematoria na Auschwitz (ko Auschwitz), kusa Krakow. Ominously Dome Genbaku (Aminci Memorial) a Hiroshima. Duk da haka, shi ne kuma World Heritage shafukan. Ko da yake "al'adu" suka ba za a iya kira.

Abubuwan al'ajabi da UNESCO

Kada dame waɗannan biyu lists. Abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya ba sosai. Abubuwan zuwa nasara da tunanin matafiya, a tarihin duniya, sun bace daga fuskar duniya. A zamani duniya ya sanya wani sabon jerin, wanda ya hada da sabon halitta da kuma al'adu jan hankali. Amma irin wannan "abubuwan al'ajabi" za a iya kidaya a kan yatsunsu. Amma UNESCO jerin kunshi 981 da maki - kuma shi ne kawai kamar yadda na 2013! Daga wannan jerin, yawancin (759) - al'adu jan hankali, yana da 193 - halitta da kuma 29 aka haxa. Mutane da yawa Duniya Heritage shafukan, wanda aka sosai photo replicated, located in Italy. Wannan kasa ne shugaba a cikin gani na maida hankali a kan karkararta. Su ne da arba'in da tara. Dama a baya numfasawa Italiya kasar Sin (45) da kuma Spain (44). Rasha kuma yana da ashirin da biyar da wannan wurare da kuma, sabili da haka, wani ɓangare daga cikin shugabannin saman goma, gaba na Amurka (21).

al'ajabi na Turai

Duniya Heritage shafukan kasashen waje suna da yawa. Musamman m taro lura a yammacin Turai. A daya daga cikin su takwas kadan Austria. Duk wanda ya ziyarci wannan mai tsayi kasar, ya san halitta kyakkyawa da ke jihar ba ya rike. Amma akwai kuma al'adu jan hankali. Jerin ya hada da tarihi cibiyar Vienna, Salzburg da Graz, kazalika da fada da kuma wurin shakatawa gungu na Schönbrunn. Akwai kuma gauraye Properties: shi ne horar da wuri mai faɗi da Hallstatt-Dachstein, Wachau (tsakanin garuruwa na Melk da Krems) da kuma Fertő-Neusiedler See. Akwai ma wani sabon abu da wakiltar da kimiyya da kuma fasaha darajar, - da haihuwa Railway Semmering.

Musamman m abubuwa a Turai World Heritage Site "makale" a Italiya - rikodin kambun UNESCO jerin. Akwai da yawa na tarihi jan hankali, da kuma manyan ta asalin daga zamanin da. Magoya na Stone Age za a iya gani a cikin wannan kasa, dutse sassaka a Val Camonica. Wadanda suke da sha'awar a cikin tarihin duniya, ba zai iya iyakance kanta ga dũkiyar zamanin d Roma. Wadannan ayyuka Etruscan necropolis na Cerveteri da Tarquinia game da-tsare kango na Herculaneum da Pompeii, kusa Naples, Syracuse, tare da Rocky necropolis na Pantalica, archaeological site a Agrigento da Torre Annunziata. A Sicily za ka iya ganin tsoho Roman Villa del Casale, Sardinia - tsoho kufaifan "Su-Nuraxi", da kuma a garin Alberobello - al'ada gidãjensu "trulli".

Duniya Halitta Heritage - da Dolomites - janyo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa a cikin rani da kuma hunturu. Amma da Venetian Kota ne a gauraye janye, halitta duka biyu da yanayi (namytye m tsibiran), kuma mutum baiwa. A farko ƙarni na Kristanci, cikin Byzantine Empire, da Renaissance da Baroque lokaci - duk wadannan epochs sun bar su da alãmarsu a kan marmara, zane-zane, sassaka da kuma gine na Italiya. Yana da rare samu wani birni a wadda, idan ba dukan tarihi part, don haka a kalla wasu daga cikin coci ko wani seigniorial hasumiya dã an hada a UNESCO jerin.

Kowane mutum, idan ba ka rayuwa, a kalla a cikin hotuna a littafin tarihin ganin irin wannan duniya al'adunmu site a kasar Girka, a matsayin Acropolis a Athens. Bugu da kari ga wannan babban yawan shafukan da kayayyakin gargajiya, fitar dashi zuwa gidajen tarihi a duniya, kasar iya fariya na zamanin d kango na Delphi da Epidaurus, haikalin Apollo a Bassae, Olympia, Mystras, da Wuri Mai Tsarki na Hera a kan Samos, Pifagoreey, Mycenae da Tiryns. Girka ne kuma sananne a matsayin cibiyar na Orthodoxy. Shahararren gidajen lama na Meteora, Dutsen Athos, da farkon Kirista Monuments a Thessaloniki, hermitages a Nea Moni, Hosios Loukas da Daphne ma kunshe a cikin jerin girmamawa. Kada ka bar kowa sha'aninsu dabam, kuma kõgon na Apocalypse daga sufi na St. Yahaya a Patmos.

A World Heritage Site Asia

"M taskõkin a Indiya banmamaki" - da song of gabashin bako a cikin wasan opera "Sadko". UNESCO gane shi dama. Duk da haka, magabaci a cikin yawan halitta da kuma al'adu jan hankali bayar da China. Bayan da monumental Great Wall, a bayyane ko da daga sarari, baƙi za su iya sha'awan nan manyan kaburbura na sarakuna na daular Qing da Ming Shenyang da Beijing, da Haikalin Confucius a Qufu, da tarihi gungu na Potala a birnin Lhasa, da sarauta zama a Chengde, da tsohon birnin na Pingyao da sauran daidai ban sha'awa gine-gine. A wannan sararin kasa ne quite mai ban sha'awa jerin Duniya Halitta Heritage. Wasu duwãtsu kamar Taishan, Huangshan, Dutsen Emei, Wuyi, gaba daya fadi karkashin kariyar UNESCO. Mutane da yawa a kasar Sin da kuma na kasa Parks da suke gida namun dajin na dabbobi da tsuntsaye.

India an dauke su ba kawai wani wuri inda addinin Buddha ya samo asali, amma kuma cikin shimfiɗar jariri, da Aryan wayewar. Nan za ka iya ganin yadda dutsen sassaka da kuma jana'izar Stone Age (Champaner-Pavagadh archaeological Park), da kogon Ibada (a Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta tsibirin a Bhimbetka). Abubuwan da Indiya World Heritage Site hada da ba wai kawai tarihi da kuma al'adu jan hankali, amma Kaziranga kasa reserves, da Sundarbans, "Kwarin Flowers", Nanda Devi, Keoladeo da Manas namun daji Reserve. Akwai a cikin wannan kasa, da kuma fasaha da kuma sansanonin soja a karkashin laimar da al'adu sashen na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Ana John a Agra, Chhatrapati Shivaji, a garin Mumbai. Amma gane jauhari na Indiya da aka har yanzu dauke da Taj Mahal a Agra.

'yan qasar Land

Kamar yadda muka tuna, da Rasha Federation dauki wani mutum nagari tara wuri a saman goma manyan kasashe a cikin yawan shafukan a UNESCO ta jerin. Menene muhimmanci, domin mu 'yan qasar kasa? Duniya Heritage Sites a Rasha za a iya harhada cikin da dama kungiyoyin. A farko daga cikin wadannan - da Kremlin. Bayan Moscow, wannan kungiyar hada Kazan, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Rostov Mai girma. Na biyu kungiyar - birane gidaje. Shi ne, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da tarihi cibiyar na Veliky Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Dagestan Derbent. Wani rukuni ne addini gine-gine: Triniti-Sergius Lavra, Kizhi, Solovetsky sufi da sauransu.

Idan muka tambaye game da uniformity na rarraba al'adu da kuma wuraren tarihi a kan ƙasa na kasar mu, za mu lura cewa mafi yawan wadannan abubuwa sun mayar da hankali a arewa maso yamma da kuma Tsakiya gundumomi. Ba abin mamaki ba: Siberia ya ƙware da yawa daga baya. Mutane da yawa antiquities fraught Novgorod ƙasar. Game da rai na zamanin d Rus iya gaya jan hankali Volga birane. Amma St. Petersburg da kewaye manyan gidãje misalta da zamanin mai girma Empress Catherine, Elizabeth, Anny Ioannovny.

Amma gabashin ɓangare na kasar iya fariya na musamman na halitta kyakkyawa. Daga cikin "mafi-fi" ba a ma maganar mafi zurfi da kuma mafi tsabta lake Baikal a duniya. Wasu dutsen jeri - a matsayin World Halitta Heritage na Rasha. Wannan Yammacin Caucasus, Altai, Sikhote Alin, Kamchatka volcanoes. Karkashin laimar UNESCO ne wasu kunsa da cewa, saboda su kadaici, sun riƙe da wani musamman nau'in abun da ke ciki na Flora da fauna. Wannan kungiyar hada da jan hankali Komi dazuka, Wrangel Island da kuma Putorana tudu. Amma daga fasaha wurare a kasar mu shi ne watakila cewa maki biyu Struve Geodetic Arc.