Abin da danyen mai sayar a Rasha? Production da kuma sayar da man fetur

Mai ne daya daga cikin irin fitarwa na raw kayan, wanda ke taka a cikin Rasha da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan ƙarnin. Abin da danyen mai sayar a Rasha?

tarihi bayanai

Ko a zamanin da mutane san game da man fetur da kaddarorin. Yana da aka tattara daga cikin ruwa surface ko ƙasa surface. Amma da aka yi amfani ba haka yadu. A cikin karni na 19th, idan ƙirƙira da kananzir fitila, da bukatar wannan albarkatun kasa ya karu da yawa. A sa'an nan sai suka fara samar da hanyoyin da hakowa rijiyoyin a man fetur da kuma iskar gas tsarin na duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Bayan bude daga cikin wutar lantarki bukatar ya rage a cikin man fetur.

Duk da haka, a cikin marigayi 19th karni, shi aka tsara da wani ciki konewa engine, wanda aiki a matsayin impetus ga ci gaban masana'antu na mota. Da farko, da sayan mota iya iya kawai arziki mutane, amma sai suka zama samuwa kusan kowane sako na al'ummar jihar. A wannan batun, sharply ya karu da bukatar man fetur kayayyakin. Don wannan rana, da man ne mai muhimmanci da na halitta samfurin, kamar yadda na samar da yiwuwar adam motsi da ƙasa, iska ko ruwa.

Mai samar da a Rasha

A zamani Rasha, mun gani a kwari karuwa a mai samar tun 2000, amma a karshe shekaru 5, rabon ta ragae saukar da ɗan, kuma ko da dan kadan fadi a 2008.

Tun 2010, man fetur ya wuce ga matakin da miliyan 500 ton a kowace shekara. Kuma zuwa wannan rana shi riko da sama da wannan mashaya. Domin biyu a jere shekaru, wato shekara ta 2009 da kuma 2010, Rasha ranked farko a mai samar da duniya. Amma riga a 2011 na farko a cikin masana'antu ya zama Saudi Arabia.

Rasha Federation - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da mahalarta a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. A rabo na Rasha da danyen man fetur a duniya ne fiye da 12%. Mai fitarwa ne da za'ayi biyu a Turai da kuma a cikin jihohin da Asia-Pacific yankin.

A kasar mu, mai samar da ake da za'ayi da vertically hadedde kamfanoni. Total aiki 9 na manyan kamfanoni. Sun gudanar da hakar fiye da 90% na dukkan man fetur a kasar. Matsakaici da kuma kananan mai kera more - akwai game da 150. A jihar kamfanin "Gazprom" daukawa fitar da man fetur na game da 2.5% na dukkan albarkatun kasa, yayin da rawar da haddasa ba ga m kasuwanci a cikin wannan al'amari.

Mene ne ma'anar tsaye hadewa? Idan muka kwatanta dukan zagayowar samar da man fetur da kuma aiki na raw kayan a cikin wani nau'i na sarkar, sai ƙungiyar na wadannan links za a iya hadedde. Tsari jerin ne kamar haka:

• mai bincike, hakowa, filin ci gaba da more rayuwa.
• mai hakar da kuma sufuri na raw kayan samu:
• Petroleum kayayyakin da su sufuri.
• sayar da man fetur kayayyakin (marketing).

Wannan fasaha damar da tsarin cimma wata yawan abũbuwan amfãni a kan ta fafatawa a gasa:

• tabbas zai samar da albarkatun kasa da kuma sayar da man fetur kayayyakin.
• muhimmanci rage kasada dangantaka da canje-canje a kasuwar yanayi;
• gyara samar.

Enterprise "Rosneft" da "Lukoil" ne cikakkar shugabannin a kasar mu, a cikin man fetur.

Janar bayani a kan danyen man fetur

Kadarorin man fetur wanda ake cirewa a daban-daban climatic zones, ne sosai daban-daban. By definition, man - tsarin da danko sosai m ruwa da ciwon mai zurfi baki launi. Amma wannan ba ko da yaushe haka al'amarin. A launi na "black zinariya" yana da yawa amintaccen ingancin - daga yellow-kasa-kasa zuwa baki da kuma m.

Tsarin da kuma narkewa zafin jiki ne ma m. Akwai irin wanda solidify a tsakiyar band bazara yanayi, yayin da wasu kasance ruwa ko a sosai low yanayin zafi.

Bayan man ake cirewa daga rijiyar, dole ne a hawa zuwa aiki site.

Saboda haka abin da iri na mai sayar da Rasha da kuma yadda yawa akwai irin iri-iri?

A kasar mu samar da kuma fitar da kaya 7 maki na mai, yayin da a cikin duniya wanda akwai fiye da 20. Babban fitarwa iri-iri ne da Urals. A kudin kowane musamman iri ne m da rangwame ko Premium dangane da alama sa. Yafi wannan ne na Brent, WTI, yankin gabas ta tsakiya danyen.

Idan muka yi magana game da muhimmancin farashin Brent, a cikin past shekaru 3 da shi ne muhimmanci fadi daga 120 zuwa 38 daloli a kowace ganga. Don kwanan wata, da farashin rike kusa da 40 daloli.

Urals

Wannan iri-iri na da most rabo a cikin fitarwa na Rasha man - 55%.

Urals mai bayyana a kasuwannin duniya a cikin '70s.

Wannan cultivar da high sulfur impurities. Urals kafa a harkokin sufuri na raw kayan ta hanyar bututun, "Transneft" Enterprises daga filayen dake a cikin Urals, da Volga yankin da kuma Yammacin Siberia.

Urals mai fitarwa ta hanyar samar da "Druzhba" bututun zuwa Turai. Har ila yau kuma fitar dashi ta hanyar tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Baltic Sea (Ust-Luga da Primorsk) da kuma Black (Novorossiysk) tekuna. A labarin kasa na Madubin ne mai iyaka, saboda haka, wannan iri-iri ba zai iya priori zama alama.

Urals rangwame adadin da aka kaddara a wani 1% dangi zuwa Brent.

Abin da iri sayar Rasha mai, a Bugu da kari ga Urals?

Rebco

Sunan ajin da aka yi sama da farko haruffa na Rasha Export Saje da danyen mai. A gaskiya, yana da guda domin Urals, wanda aka tsĩrar da via da Primorsk. Zance na kudin ƙaddara da wani rangwame na 1.3% dangane da Brent. Yi ciniki a kan kayayyaki Exchange a New York. Export rabo a cikin total girma ne game da 25%.

SiberianLight

Shi ne wani iri haske kayan.

Production ne a cikin Khanty-Mansi cin gashin kanta Area.

Hawa da bututun kamfanin "Transneft" inda aka gauraye da Volga kuma Ural mai, sakamakon shi a Urals. Duk da haka, kawai kananan ƙunshi juzu'i na West Siberian man da aka yi ciniki a matsayin mai zaman kanta iri. Yafi aiki ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa na Tuapse.

Price Siberian Light danyen mai da aka ayyana ta 0.5% rangwame ga Brent farashin.

Sokol

High Sakhalin man fetur tare da low sulfur abun ciki. Farashin Brent danyen mai ne m fiye Sokol. The kudin ne m da kari na 7.5% zuwa iri-iri Dubai. Production ne da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na manyan-sikelin aikin "Sakhalin-1". Fitar ta hanyar n. DeKastri wanda yake a cikin Khabarovsk yankin.

Vityaz

Brand na man fetur da ake samarwa a Rasha ne ma a tsibirin Sakhalin, kamar yadda Sokol. A kudin irin wannan da aka daure su cikin Dubai iri. Kudin Vityaz mai niyyar su Dubai premium sa na 6%. Fitar ta hanyar n. Prigorodnoe Sakhalin yankin.

Espo

Rasha ESPO danyen mai cinikai kwanan nan.

A iri-iri da aka haka mai suna saboda an hawa da wannan sunan ESPO bututun ( "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean" ko «Gabas Siberia - Pacific Ocean»). The aikin na yi wannan bututun ne quite alamar rahama kamar yadda ya shafi samar da "black zinariya" a kasar Sin da kuma Asia-Pacific yankin.

Wannan alama na man fetur da ake samarwa a Rasha, shi ne cakuda raw kayan daga fannoni daban daban da suke riga a aiki. Its ingancin shi ne mafi m ga duk aka sani Urals sa.

The kudin ne m da kari 3.5% zuwa Dubai danyen.

ARCO

Wannan iri-iri da aka samar a cikin Arctic a filin "Prirazlomnoe", wanda aka located in da Pechora Sea. Shi ne kawai daya daga irinsa a duniya teku filin, inda da ci gaban yana da za'ayi a cikin 60-kilometer nesa daga jihar bakin teku sashi a kan wani tsit dandali. Tare da shiryayye cirewa man fetur na kan 70 ton miliyan.

Farashin Brent danyen mai ne m fiye da a ARCO.

A kan ƙasa na kasar mu samar da dama iri na man fetur. Duk da haka, kawai 7 ciniki to Brent danye. Abin da iri sayar Rasha mai a kan harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya musayar? Babban iri ne fitarwa Urals da Rebco. Rabonsu a cikin fitarwa na fiye da 2/3 daga cikin jimlar girma. Har ila yau kuma fitar dashi irin Vityaz, ARCO, Sokol, Siberian haske da ESPO. A mafi alamar rahama ne ESPO iri-iri da zai iya zarar zama alama, saboda ta ba a an sanya a yankin Asia.