Da danyen mai a duniya. Rasha mai alama

A cikin shekaru goma more kuma mafi kafofin watsa labarai shãfe a kan makamashi da albarkatun. Babu togiya da kuma man fetur. A kudin irin wannan hydrocarbon albarkatun kasa da aka kafa dangane da musayar ciniki, kazalika da ta iri-iri. Danyen man da ake halin da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma wuri na asali, wanda yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan su darajar.

janar bayanai

Iri-iri, ko sa na man - da ingantaccen halaye na raw kayan, samar da abin da aka za'ayi a kan wannan filin, daban-daban daga wasu da abun da ke ciki da kuma uniformity. Rijiyoyin man fetur da daban-daban muhimmi ne kawai don ta bayani dalla-dalla, kuma haka akwai bukatar a nau'ukanta Don rage wuya da tsarin na fitarwa, an sanya matukar a kan rabuwa da kãyã da mãsu nauyi man fetur.

A duniya a shekara samar da fiye da 20 brands na sarrafa karafa. Alal misali, babban fitar da danyen mai a Rasha - Urals nauyi man fetur da kuma haske Siberian Light, yayin da duk 5 iri samar. A Amurka akwai fiye da dozin brands. A ra'ayi na wannan bambancin yana da ba dukan su ba za a iya sayar a kan kasuwanni kasa da kasa. Saboda haka, farashin kowane iri ne m dangi zuwa ga alama maki - Burtaniya Brent danyen mai, da Amurka WTI da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya Middle East danyen.

The darajar kowane alama ne m da mai rangwame ko Premium dangi zuwa alama sa dangane da albarkatun kasa quality. Alal misali, nauyi man fetur tare da wani babban abun ciki na impurities da sulfur za a yi ciniki ga kasa ko guda Brent WTI.

Halaye na raw kayan

Matsayin mai mulkin, man da aka bayyana a matsayin mai baki m ruwa, amma irin wannan definition ba gaskiya ba ne a duk lokuta. Launuka iya bambanta daga baki zuwa launin rawaya, kuma m.

A mafi muhimmanci halaye ne ma da coefficients na danko da kuma narkewa. Wasu danyen mai iya solidify a low yanayin zafi, yayin da wasu kasance ruwa a duk yanayin yanayi. Saboda irin bambancin da halaye sanya matukar rabo na iri zuwa ga haske, matsakaici da kuma nauyi.

A wannan feed yana da wuya amfani tsarki tsari, don haka su sami wani marketable samfurin man fetur da aka sake yin fa'ida. The gudun da kuma yadda ya dace da sarrafa albarkatun kasa ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga yawa da sulfur abun ciki da kuma impurities.

Light iri ne mafi tsada saboda su samu kayayyakin kamar fetur, da man dizal, kerosene. samu man fetur da kuma man fetur ga Tanderu na nauyi maki cewa an yi amfani da kasa akai-akai, don haka da kudin da su a kasa.

ban sha'awa facts

Har 1973, kudin da "black zinariya" ba fiye da 3 daloli. Farashin ya karu 4-Musulunci bayan da ban a kan fitarwa na raw kayan daga kasashen Larabawa. A farko 80s a lokacin rikicin a Gabas ta Tsakiya kasashen, da kudin jeri tsakanin 15 da 35 daloli.

Mai da low sulfur abun ciki da aka kira "mai dadi" kuma high - "m." Irin wannan suna ta lashe, domin a cikin karni na 19th, kamfanonin mai sun yi kokari da shi. A kudin sarrafa m danyen mai ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da a cikin aiki da zaki. Saboda haka, zaki ne ko da yaushe wani price.

A rarrabe da stock musayar a New York ne cewa nakalto dollar farashin albarkatun kasa da ganga, da kuma kayayyakin daga shi - a aninai da galan.

A London, shi aiki International Petroleum Exchange, inda a lokacin da rana ciniki fiye da 50,000 nan gaba a kan daban-daban maki na danyen man fetur da kuma Brent man fetur.

Jiki bayarwa na man fetur suna da za'ayi kawai ga 1% na nan gaba kwangila.

Danyen mai a Rasha

Total fitarwa daga Rasha 6 maki na man fetur.

Urals samar a cikin Khanty-Mansi cin gashin kanta District da Tatarstan Jamhuriyar. Wannan alama halin da babban abun ciki na sulfur mahadi da kuma nauyi hydrocarbon. Farashin Urals mai aka ƙaddara da ta rangwame ga Arewa Sea sa Brent. Wannan sa aka shirya ta hanyar hadawa da man fetur tare da West Siberian Volga, saboda abin da ingancin shan wahala. A shekarun da suka wuce,} o} arin ware daga Urals Tatarstan kayan. Farashin Urals man da aka kafa a kan kayayyaki musayar RTS.

Siberian Light samar a cikin Khanty-Mansi cin gashin kanta Area. A sulfur abun ciki a cikinta ne kusan sau 3 kasa da a Urals.

Arctic Oil ake cirewa a cikin shiryayye daga cikin Pechora Sea. Wannan shi ne na farko Rasha mai filin, dake a cikin Arctic Ocean. The bayãnin hukuncin fasalin wannan alama na Rasha man ne high yawa da kuma high sulfur abun ciki. Mai ake cirewa a 60 km daga jihar bakin teku sashi daga wani tsayayyen dandali.

Sokol halin da low abun ciki na impurities. Scout a kan Sakhalin Island. Export via da Harabov.

ESPO ne halin da low yawa, kuma low sulfur abun ciki da aka samar a cikin Eastern Siberia. An hawa via da ESPO bututun.

Vityaz - Sakhalin man iri, irin wannan a cikin ingancin zuwa Omani danye. Fitar da Trans bututun.

Da danyen mai a duniya: da duniya rarrabuwa

A dukan duniya rarrabuwa na "black zinariya" dogara ne a kan biyu brands - Sweet danyen mai da kuma Light Sweet danyen mai.

Sweet danyen man - albarkatun kasa da sulfur abun ciki ba mafi girma daga 0.5%, kazalika da hydrogen sulfide da carbon dioxide. A halin yanzu, wannan alama da ake amfani da a samar da fetur.

Light Sweet danyen mai ne low a kakin zuma. Danko da kuma yawa iya bambanta.

Bisa ga halaye na wadannan iri, ga danyen mai da aka shirki da wadannan tsarin rubutu:

• haske (mafi yawa).
• danye (low kakin zuma ciki).
• nauyi (low yawa).
• zaki (low sulfur).

reference iri-iri

A total akwai 3 man iri a duniya, wanda aka dauke su da tunani.

Brent (danye) - North Sea raw matsakaici yawa ƙunshi 0.5% sulfur impurities. Amfani a samar da matsakaici-sized stills, kazalika da fetur. Farashin danyen mai Brent - dalilin da samuwar farashin bisa uku na duka da sauran iri a duniya.

WTI aka mined a Amurka Jihar Texas. Yana da wani yawa fi Brent, sulfur abun ciki - 0.25%.

Dubai danyen - man fetur daga cikin United Arab Emirates. Kuma aka sani da Fateh. Yana yana da wani low yawa. Ya ƙunshi har zuwa 2% sulfur impurities.

Iri kunshe a cikin OPEC fitarwa kwandon

OPEC (Organization Man Fetur Kasashen) a kirga kudin daya irin ko wata yayi amfani da index "kwandon OPEC». A ranar, da OPEC kwandon hada da 11 brands na "black zinariya":

• Saharar saje (Aljeriya).
• Es Sider (Libya).
• Arab Light (Saudi Arabia).
• Basra Light (Iraq).
• Bonny Light (Nigeria).
• Iran Tã (Iran).
• Kuwait Export (Kuwait).
• Murban (United Arab Emirates).
• Qatar Marine (Qatar).
• Girassol (Angola).
• Merey (Venezuela).

Mai ne kashin bayan tattalin arzikin mafi - biyu tasowa, da kuma ci gaba. Mai bincike da za'ayi biyu a kasar da kuma a kan shelves na tekuna. Akwai fiye da 20 daban-daban irin "black zinariya". Bugu da kari, kowane iri-iri na da musamman sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Babban reference sunayen da shafi farashin a kan duniya sikelin, shi aka zaci Brent, WTI da kuma Dubai danyen. Kan sarki Rasha mai faruwa ga fitarwa: Urals, Siberian Light, Arctic Oil, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Nan gaba kwangila ga samar da albarkatun kasa ne a duniya kayayyaki, a kasuwanni. Amma, wannan shi ne New York da London stock mu'amala. A Rasha shi aiki RTS (Moscow).