Bernard Shaw: biography, aikin, ayyukansu

A kan iyakar XIX-XX ƙarni a duniya adabi fara fito fili gaba ɗaya sabon hali daban da kuma jigogi. Babban bambancin tsakanin adabi na sabon karni da aka cewa protagonists kasance yanzu ba mutane, da kuma ra'ayoyi, su ne kuma aiki mahalarta a cikin aikin. A farko mawallafa wanda ya fara rubuta "wasan kwaikwayo na ideas" sun H. Ibsen, Chekhov, da kuma, ba shakka, Shaw. Bisa a kan kwarewa da su wallafe-wallafen da ubanninmu, Shaw ya iya shiga a cikin halittar wani sabon gaba ɗaya ban mamaki tsarin.

sada bayanai

Dzhordzh Bernard Shou, duniya-mashahuri marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, aka haife Yuli 26, 1856, a babban birnin na Ireland - Dublin. Kamar yadda wani yaro ya fito fili ya nuna su rashin biyan bukata da gargajiya tsarin ilimi, wanda aka karfi ƙaryata, kuma kokarin kamar yadda da yawa lokaci don su bada wa karatu. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar shekaru, watau. E. A 1871, ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda, da kuma a 1876 ya tafi Ingila, ko da yake zuciyarsa ko da yaushe ya kasance daga Ireland. Shi ne musamman bayyananne siyasa da zamantakewa daidaituwar, wanda ya taimaki matasa marubucin zafin hali da kuma nuna duk gaba rikice-rikice matsalolin da shi a cikin aikin.

A cikin marigayi '70s Shaw karshe ya yanke shawarar ta nan gaba da kuma zaba adabi kamar yadda wani aiki. A cikin 80s ya fara aiki a music zargi, da wallafe-wallafen marubucin sharhi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo marubucin sharhi. Bright da kuma asali articles nan da nan janye sha'awa tsakanin masu karatu.

samfurori da alƙalami

A farko ayyukan marubucin - wani labari a cikin abin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da kansa musamman m da yawa paradoxes kuma m al'amuran. Riga a wannan lokaci a cikin ayyukansu na George Bernard Shaw cewa, a maimakon haka, su ne na farko da wallafe-wallafen almara, shi ne mai rai da harshe, ban sha'awa tattaunawa, abin tunawa haruffa, duk da cewa shi ne don haka dole ya zama wani fitaccen marubuci.

A 1885, Bernard Shaw, wanda ke taka ya zama mafi masu sana'a, ya fara aiki a kan samfurin "House gwauro", wanda alama farkon wani sabon wasan kwaikwayo a Ingila.

zaman jama'a views

Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin show a matsayin marubuci ya buga wa 'yan siyasa da zamantakewa views. A cikin shekaru 80 ya kasance memba na Fabian al'umma. A ideas ciyar da wannan Kungiya, da sauki a gane, idan ka san inda ya ta sunan. A al'umma ne mai suna bayan da Roman janar Fabius cunctator, wanda ya iya kayar da m mulkin Carthaginian Hannibal daidai saboda shi ya iya jira da zabi da hakkin lokacin. Mun bi wannan dabara da kuma Fabians, wanda kuma fĩfĩta su jira har sai da shi zai yiwu don murkushe tsarin jari-hujja.

Bernard Shaw, waɗanda ayyukansu suna yi nufin bude karatu da sabon kalubale da mu lokacin, ya mabiyin goyon bayan canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Ya so ya canza ba kawai ya taurare tushe na tsarin jari-hujja, amma kuma duk da-fita bidi'a a cikin ban mamaki zane-zane.

Bernard Shaw da Ibsen

Ba shi yiwuwa a yi musu da cewa show ne mafi aminci fan of Ibsen ta iyawa. Ya cikakken goyon da ra'ayoyi na kasar Norway marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, a kan zama dole canje-canje a cikin halin yanzu wallafe-wallafe. Bugu da kari, Shaw aka tsunduma a cikin aiki farfaganda na ideas da ya tsafi. A 1891, ya zama marubucin littafin "tsantsa ibsenizma", a cikin abin da ya nuna ƙiyayya da bourgeois lzhemorali da kuma sadaukar zuwa ga halaka ƙarya akida.

A cewar Shaw, Ibsen bidi'a bayyana a cikin halittar m rikice-rikice da kuma akwai m, m tattaunawa. Shi ne da godiya ga Ibsen, Chekhov da Shaw muhawara ya zama wani ɓangare na sabon wasan kwaikwayo.

"Mrs. Warren ta sana'a"

Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri kwaikwaiyo da marubucin ne mugaye satire na Victoria Ingila. Kazalika da Ibsen, Shaw ya nuna babban hilafa tsakanin bayyanar da gaskiya, da waje na ganin mutuncinsu da kuma na ciki nullity na heroes.

Home taka heroine - wata yarinya na sauki nagarta, wanda zai iya ajiye tsanani babban birnin kasar tare da taimakon da ya craft. Kokarin gaskata wa 'yarsa, wanda yana da wani ra'ayin game da tushen iyali samun kudin shiga, Mrs. Warren yayi Magana game da ƙasƙanci talauci a wadda ta yi rayuwa a gabãnin haka, jayayya da cewa shi ya tura ta zuwa ga wannan salon. Daya iya la'akari da irin wannan aiki ba zai iya zo dandana, amma Bernard Shaw ya bayyana ga mai karatu cewa Mrs. Warren ya aka azabtar da wani zãlunci jama'a na'urorin. Marubucin bai yi hukunci ba ta hali, domin ta kawai ya tafi a kan game da jama'a, wanda ya furta cewa, duk hanyoyi ne mai kyau ga riba.

A ƙarshe dai, hikimar tantance abun da ke ciki, wanda aka aro daga Ibsen Shaw, a nan ya gane ta da misali makirci: gaskiya game da rayuwa da Mrs. Warren, ya buɗe hankali. A cikin hukunci ƙarshen wasa ne a tattaunawa tsakanin babban harafin da 'yarta, wanda image shi ne na farko ƙoƙari na marubucin ya nuna wani tabbatacce gwarzo.

Plays ga ha] e

All ya kwaikwaiyo da marubucin ya kasu kashi uku: m, m, da kuma ha] e. The m taka marubucin ya yi kokarin nuna wannan mummunan buɗi na ginin zamantakewa na Ingila. M, a maimakon haka, ya nishadantar da mai karatu. Kwaikwaiyo ga ha] e ma shine su bijirar da marubucin hali zuwa na aikin lzhemorali.

Jawabin Bernard Shaw game da plays ga ha] e ya bayyana a cikin gabatarwar littafin da aka buga a 1901. Marubucin ikirarin cewa shi ba munafuki da kuma ba ji tsoron nuna ji, amma da cikakken bayani game da duk abubuwan da suka faru da kuma ayyuka na haruffa zuwa son muradi. Idan ka bi wannan ka'ida, bisa ga mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, babu wanda zai iya zama jarumi, irin, ko karimci, idan ba a soyayya.

"Karayar zuciya House"

A play "karayar zuciya House", rubuta a karshen yakin duniya na farko, alama wani sabon zamani a cikin ci gaban da m show. Alhakin da mawuyacin halin da na zamani da dabi'un marubucin sa a kan Turanci kawo dukkan. Don tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin a karshen daga cikin play akwai wani m image na wani jirgin kashe hanya, wanda gudãna, a cikin duhu tare da shugaban, wanda ya yi ritaya daga kaptin ta gada, kuma wanda ya bar tawagar a wani sha'aninsu dabam jira ga bala'i.

A wannan wasa, Bernard Shou, a takaice dai biography wanda ya nuna da sadaukar da na zamanintar da wallafe-wallafen tsarin, sa hakikanci a sabon tufafi da kuma ba shi da wasu na musamman fasali. Marubucin ya jũya zuwa ga almarar, symbolism grotesque siyasa da falsafa Misalin. Daga baya grotesque yanayi da kuma haruffa da cewa nuna dama m daban da kuma hotunan, sun zama wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma sũ, musamman a fili ya bayyana a cikin siyasa satire. Kuma sunã bautã wa ya buɗe idanunmu zuwa ga zamani karatu da gaskiya halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu a fagen siyasa.

A subtitle marubucin yana nufin ya play "fantasy a Rasha style a kan Turanci Jigogi", ya nuna cewa shi aiki a matsayin wani abin koyi ga play na Tolstoy da Chekhov. Bernard Shaw, wanda littattafai suna da nufin fallasa da ciki najasa heroes of Chekhov ya duba rayuka da kuma karye zukãtansu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na littafinsa, wanda tunani tozartar da al'adu na al'ummar.

"The Apple Siyayya"

A daya daga cikin mafi m plays - "The Apple Siyayya" - marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ya gaya game da fasali na zamantakewa da siyasa halin da ake ciki a Ingila, na farko na uku na XX karni. A tsakiyar theme daga cikin play - wani tattaunawa na siyasa Elite, King Magnus da kuma ministoci. A ministoci, wanda aka zabe ta mutane, t. E. A a mulkin demokra] hanya, bukatar da kafa wani tsarin mulki irin na gwamnati da ke jihar, yayin da sarki ya nace cewa duka iko a jihar mallakar musamman ga gwamnati. Tattaunawa tare da satirical parody kashi damar mawallafa nuna su gaskiya hali ga hukumomin gwamnati da kuma bayyana wanda na shugabancin kasar da gaske ne.

Bernard Shaw, wanda biography ya bada jerin sunayen dukan reni ga wani girman kai da iko, ya nẽmi nuna da gaskiya a baya a jihar da rikici, ba kawai a cikin adawa tsakanin autocracy da kvazidemorkatii, amma kuma a cikin "plutocracy." A cewar marubucin, da kalmar "plutocracy," ya na nufin wani sabon abu cewa, a karkashin sunan kare dimokuradiyya, suka hallakar da sarauta da iko, da mulkin demokra] iyya da kanta. Yana faru, ba shakka, ba ba tare da taimakon waɗanda suke a cikin ikon, bisa ga Bernard Shaw. Quotes daga ayyukan iya kawai ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi. Ga misali: "Sarki - wannan shi ne manufa kafa wani gungu na rogues, da mafi alheri domin su jagoranci kasar, ta amfani da sarki a matsayin yar tsana," - ya ce Magnus.

"Pygmalion"

Daga cikin ayyukan nuna pre-yaki shekaru, tsaye a waje comedy "Pygmalion." A rubuta wannan yanki, marubucin aka yi wahayi zuwa da tsoho labari. Yana nufin da sculptor mai suna Pygmalion, wanda ya fadi a cikin soyayya da wani mutum-mutumi halitta da kansa da kuma tambayi aljanna Aphrodite raya wannan halitta, sa'an nan mai ban mamaki mai rai mutum-mutumi ya zama matar mahaliccinsa.

Shaw rubuta wani zamani version na labari, a cikin abin da leoyan ba mythical, shi ne talakawa mutane, amma muradi ne guda: marubucin polishes ya halitta. A cikin rawar da Pigmalona nan ne Farfesa Higgins, wanda yake ƙoƙarin yin wata baiwar daga cikin Eliza simpleton, amma a sakamakon ya makari ta naturalness, canza ga mafi alhẽri. A nan ne tambaya taso kamar yadda ya ke shi ne marubucin da biyu heroes, kuma wanda ya halitta, ko da yake da babban mahalicci, ba shakka, da kansa ya zama Bernard Shaw.

Biography Eliza quite hankula wakilan wannan lokacin, da kuma nasara imin sautin harshe farfesa Higgins so ta manta cewa ya kewaye ta a baya, kuma ya zama wani gaye lady. A sakamakon haka, "sculptor" ya aikata, shi. Banmamaki canji na protagonist Shaw so ya nuna cewa, a gaskiya, babu wani bambanci tsakanin daban-daban na zamantakewa kungiyoyin. Duk wani mutumin da zai iya zama yana da m, matsalar shi ne kadai a gaskiyar cewa babu wata hanyar da su aiwatar da shi a cikin wani matalauci yawan strata.

ƙarshe

Bernard Shaw, ambato daga ayyukan wadda an san kowane ilimi mutum, na dogon lokaci ba zai kai ya san kuma ya zauna a cikin inuwa, saboda wallafa ki buga aikinsa. Amma duk da cikas, ya gudanar ya cimma kansa kuma ya zama daya daga cikin rare playwrights dukan lokaci. Tsammãni, wanda jima ko ba dade za a aiwatar, idan ba su jũya daga hanya madaidaiciya, ya zama leitmotif daga cikin manyan Turanci marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, shi yarda da shi to ba kawai haifar da wani unmatched halitta, amma kuma ya zama classic wasan kwaikwayo.