Carbon fasaha, ta samu

Kamfanin fasaha (GOST 7885-86) wani nau'i ne na samfurori na masana'antu, wanda yafi amfani da shi a cikin samar da roba a matsayin mai shimfiɗa, inganta kayan aiki masu amfani. Ba kamar coke da farar fata ba, yana da kusan ɗaya carbon, kama a cikin bayyanar zuwa soot.

Ayyukan aikace-aikace

Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da ƙwayar carbon ne ake amfani dasu don taya, 20% na kayayyakin samfurori. Har ila yau, ƙananan fasaha sun sami aikace-aikacen a cikin fenti da masana'antun masana'antu da kuma samar da inkatura, inda ya yi tasiri na launin fata.

Wani bangare na aikace-aikacen shine samar da robobi da ƙananan raguna. A nan, an ƙara samfurin a matsayin filler da bada samfurori na musamman. A cikin ƙananan matakan, ana amfani da baki baki a wasu masana'antu.

Feature

Carbon baki - aiwatar samfurin hada da latest injiniya hanyoyin fasaha da kuma hanyoyin da iko. Saboda da tsarki da kuma mai tsananin tsare sa na zahiri da kuma sinadaran Properties, shi yana da kõme ba yi da toka kafa kamar yadda gurbata byproduct daga kwal da man fetur da man fetur, ko da unregulated konewa injuna. Bisa ga yawancin ƙasashen duniya da aka yarda da ita an sanya Carbon Black (black carbon a cikin Turanci), soot a Turanci - soot. Wato, wadannan batutuwa a halin yanzu, babu hanyar haɗuwa.

Sakamakon ƙarfafawa saboda cika rubbers tare da karamin baki ba shi da mahimmanci ga mahimmanci ga ci gaba da masana'antun roba fiye da ganowar yaduwar sulfur ta yaduwa. A cikin mahaukaran roba, carbon daga babban adadin sinadaran da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayi na biyu bayan roba. Rashin rinjayar alamun samfurin carbon baki a kan dukiya na samfurori sun fi girma fiye da ingancin babban sashi - roba.

Ƙarfafa kaddarorin

Inganta kayan kayan jiki na kayan abu ta hanyar gabatar da filler an kira ƙarfafawa, kuma ana kiran waɗannan masu kira amplifiers (carbon carbon, precipitated silica). Daga dukkanin mahimmanci, carbon yana da fasaha na musamman. Ko da kafin cin zarafi, yana ɗaure zuwa roba, kuma wannan cakuda ba za a iya raba shi baki baki da roba ta yin amfani da maganin ba.

Ƙarfin rubbers da aka samo bisa ga mafi muhimmanci elastomers:

Teburin yana nuna alamun kullun da aka samo daga nau'o'in roba ba tare da cika da cike da baki ba. Daga bayanan da aka ba, zamu iya ganin yadda abun ciki na carbon yana da tasirin rinjaye na rubbers. A hanyar, sauran ƙurar da aka yaduwa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gauraye na roba don ba da launi da ake bukata ko ruwan magani mai rahusa - alli, kaolin, talc, iron oxide da sauransu ba su mallaka kayan haɓaka.

Tsarin

Tsarin halitta na halitta ne masu daraja da kuma graphite. Suna da tsari na murya, wanda ya bambanta da juna daga juna. Diffraction ray kafa kamance a cikin tsarin da halitta graphite da wucin gadi abu ne carbon baki. Kwayoyin carbon a graphite suna samar da babban nau'i na tsarin da aka yi da nau'i-nau'i mai ciki, tare da nisa mai zurfi na 0.142 nm. Wadannan launi na zane-zane na tsarin kwaskwarima sune ake kira su basal jiragen sama. Nisa tsakanin jiragen saman an ƙaddara sosai kuma yana da 0.335 nm. Dukkan layi suna daidaita da juna. Graphite yawa ne 2,26 g / cm ^3.

Ba kamar graphite ba, wanda yana da nau'i uku, fasaha na fasaha yana da nau'i biyu kawai. Ya ƙunshi jiragen sama mai kirkira, wanda ya kasance daidai da juna, amma an sauya shi game da matakan da ke kusa da shi - wato, jiragen suna daidaitawa bisa ga al'ada.

Misali, ana kwatanta tsarin graphite idan aka kwatanta dashi da katunan katunan, da kuma tsarin baki baki tare da kwandon katunan da katunan sun canja. A ciki, zangon fassara yana da girma fiye da yadda ake nuna hoto kuma yana da 0.350-0.365 nm. Saboda haka, carbon baki yawa ƙananan fiye da na graphite kuma shi ne a cikin 1,76-1,9 g / cm ^3, dangane da sa (yawanci 1.8 g / cm ^3).

Tsayawa

Ana amfani da maki na amfani da ƙwayoyin fasaha don yin kwaskwarima, gashi, robobi, filasta, takarda da kayan gini. Ana rarraba su cikin:

• Girman baki mai launi (HC);
• Daidaita launi (MS);
• Daidaita launi (RC);
• Ƙananan launi (LC).

Hoto na uku ya nuna hanyar samun wutar lantarki (F) ko tashar (C). Misalin siffantawa: HCF wani ƙwayar gauraye mai ɗumbin wuta (Hiqh Color Furnace).

Launi na samfurin yana da alaƙa da girman ƙwayoyinsa. Dangane da girmansu, ƙananan fasaha ya kasu kashi:

Ƙayyadewa

Kamfanin fasahar carbon don rubbers ta hanyar mataki na ƙarfafawa ya kasu zuwa:

• Karfafawa sosai (tafiya, mai wuya). Ana rarrabe shi ta ƙaruwa mai ƙarfi da juriya ga abrasion. Girman ƙwayar abu mai zurfi (18-30 nm). An yi amfani da belts, masu kare kaya.
• Half-ƙarfafa (frame, m). Girman nauyin girman shine matsakaici (40-60 nm). An yi amfani da su a wasu kayan rubber, kwakwalwan kayan taya.
• Ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi. Girman ƙwayar yana girma (fiye da 60 nm). Ana amfani da masana'antun taya a cikin hanya mai iyaka. Yana samar da ƙarfin da ya dace yayin rike mai girma a cikin kayayyakin rubber.

An bada cikakkiyar rarrabaccen ƙananan carbon a cikin ASTM D1765-03, wanda dukkanin masana'antun duniya da masu amfani da su suka karɓa. A ciki, ana rarraba rarrabuwa, musamman, a kan kewayon yanki na musamman na ɓangarorin:

Carbon black production

Akwai fasaha uku don samar da ƙwayar carbon carbon masana'antu, wanda ke amfani da sake zagayowar rashin isasshen wutar lantarki:

• Gidan wuta;
• Channel;
• Fitilar fitila;
• Plasma.

Har ila yau, akwai hanyar thermal, wanda bazuwar acetylene ko iskar gas ke faruwa a yanayin zafi.

Abubuwan da aka samo, saboda fasaha daban-daban, suna da halaye daban-daban.

Fasahar fasahar

A bisa mahimmanci, yana yiwuwa a samu karamin baki ta duk hanyoyin da aka sama, duk da haka, fiye da 96% na samfurin samarwa ya samo daga hanyar wutar lantarki daga kayan albarkatun ruwa. Hanyar ta ba da damar samun samfurori iri-iri na baki baki tare da wasu samfurori. Alal misali, a Omsk shuka na carbon baki, wannan fasaha ya samar da fiye da 20 nau'i na carbon baki.

Fasaha na gaba daya kamar haka. A sahu reactor vysokoogneupornymi kayan kawota iskar gas da kuma mai tsanani zuwa 800 ° C iska. Ta hanyar kone gas na asali, samfurori na konewa duka tare da zafin jiki na 1820-1900 ° C an kafa, dauke da wasu adadin oxygen kyauta. A cikin samfurori masu ƙonawa da zafin jiki, an yi amfani da ƙwayar ruwa mai hydrocarbon, an shirya shi a hankali kuma an maida shi zuwa 200-300 ° C. Kwancen albarkatun kasa yana faruwa ne a yanayin zafin jiki mai sarrafawa, wanda, dangane da nau'in samar da ƙwayar carbon, yana da dabi'u daban-daban daga 1400 zuwa 1750 ° C.

A wani nisa daga maɓallin abincin, ana amfani da magungunan ruwa mai zafi na thermal. Sakamakon fasaha da aka samar da carbon da gas mai amfani da shi yana zuwa cikin iska wanda suke ba da izinin yin zafi a cikin iska da ake amfani dashi, yayin da yawan zafin jiki na carbon carbon zai rage daga 950-1000 ° C zuwa 500-600 ° C.

Bayan sanyaya zuwa 260-280 ° C da ƙarin allura na ruwa da cakuda carbon baki da gas da aka aiko zuwa ga jakar tace, inda carbon baki ne rabu da gas da kuma shiga da tace hopper. An yi amfani da ƙwayar carbon daga cikin takalmin gyaran kafa ta hanyar motsi ta hanyar motar (turbo-blower) zuwa ga ma'auni.

Masu sana'a na baki baki

Yawan duniya na samar da carbon carbon yana da fiye da miliyan 10. Irin wannan buƙatar buƙatar samfurin shi ne, da farko, zuwa ga kayan haɓaka na musamman. Locomotives na masana'antu sune:

• Aditya Birla Group (India) - kimanin kashi 15 cikin dari na kasuwa.
• Cabot Corporation (Amurka) - 14% na kasuwa.
• Orion Engineered Carbons (Luxembourg) - 9%.

Mafi yawan masu samar da carbon na Rasha:

• OOO Omsktehuglerod - 40% na kasuwar Rasha. Tsire-tsire a Omsk, Volgograd, Mogilev.
• OJSC Yaroslavl Carbon Carbon - 32%.
• OAO Nizhnekamsktehuglerod - 17%.