Church na shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin): description, tarihi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Church na shaida na tũfa a Moscow bayyana a cikin tsawon Rasha tarihi, a lokacin da Orthodox Kristanci miƙa mulki ga kai, mai zaman kanta da Rum ci gaba. Kusa da ƙarshen lokatan wahala, kuma kasar ta fara wani sabon zagaye na da tarihi.

labari

Church na shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin) aka tsarkake ta domin na farko Rasha Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Jonah a 1451 a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da mu'ujiza ya faru. Wannan shekara da Tartar hordes Mazowsze tsaya kusa Moscow unguwannin da aka riga hallaka da wuta, da kuma ganuwar da Kremlin precipitated da sojojin abokan gaba. Mazauna dauki up tsaron gida matsayi, suka yi yaƙi a kusa fama, fadowa a karkashin kibau na abokan gaba. Duk da yake akwai wani yaƙi, Metropolitan Jonah sanya wani procession a kusa da birnin ganuwar, duk karfinsa yin addu'a domin ceto na Moscow daga invaders.

A cewar labari, a lokacin salla, Jonah hadu ascetic Chudov sufi Anthony ya tambaye shi ya yi addu'a ga birni, da kuma mazaunan abin da tsohon mutum ya amsa da cewa ta hanyar mu'ujiza tsira Moscow da kuma zai zama a wannan yaki ne kawai daya kashe - Antony kansa. Samun ce cewa, tsohon nan da nan da nan suka faɗi soke da kibiya. By yamma, da invaders janye daga ganuwar, da kuma mazauna da kuma Lardi addu'a dukan dare, shirya don wani hukunci yaƙi. Da gari ya waye, ya juya daga cewa Tatar hordes a kara gudu fagen fama, da barin tare da duk ganima.

Menene dalilin da jirgin - shi ne ba a sani ba, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa Mazovia samu wani bayani a kan wanda shi ya yanke shawarar cewa, yaki ne m, kuma watakila m tsoro da aka shawo kan dukan sojoji, da kuma, suka bar ganima, suka janye daga fada sarari. Wannan al'amari ya riga ya faru a karkashin Kremlin ganuwar da rundunar Batu Khan. Metropolitan Jonah zaton mu'ujiza daga Allah tsira da birni da kuma kasa daga lalata da kuma kisan kai.

A mafarki na wani dutse coci

A cewar wasu takardu, Lardi yadi a kan Kremlin ta Cathedral Square aka gina wani dogon lokaci. A cikin shekarar da mamayewa na Mazovia coci ya riga an gina, amma ba ya keɓe. Bayan da banmamaki ceto na Jonah yanke shawarar tsarkake a Haikali, ba a daraja na hutu, wanda ya tsira. Wannan shi ne yadda Ikilisiyar da shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin). A farko gini da aka yi da itace da kuma ya tsaya a kan wani babban ginshiki, inda bisa ga tsoho al'ada, kiyaye taskar Lardi da kuma sauran dukiya mai daraja.

Haikali ya tsaya har sai 1479, kuma ya mutu a cikin wani babban wuta. Mun yanke shawarar rayar da shrine ne riga a cikin dutse jiki, wanda gayyace Masters daga Pskov, wanda ya wadãta kuma hadisi na dutse yi. Gang jagorancin Ivan Krivtsov da Myshkin. Hadisin gina dutse gidaje a lokacin a Rasha sun rincabewa bayan ƙarni na mamayar da mangolawa - kawai samu a Pskov Masters.

Su aka umurce ka gina ba kawai a haikali na shaida na tũfa a cikin Cathedral Square na birnin Moscow Kremlin, amma kuma ya gina 'yan Cathedrals yawa ya fi girma sikelin. Daya daga cikinsu, da zato, da suka tsira, amma da ya bugi rufin. A tarihin an faɗa cewa "akwai wata babbar matsoraci," wanda ya kai ga hallaka, yanzu ba a sarari. Lalacewa ta hanyar da masana ruwaito cewa dalilin shi ya low quality-bayani ne amfani yi, kamar yadda kimantawa daidai ne, tarihin ne shiru.

Pskov sawu

Saboda haka shi ya faru da ya sa na ɗauka cewa Cathedral gina ta Tsar Ivan III da Italian m Aristotle Fioravanti, da kuma kara kyautata na gine-gine da gungu har yanzu kuskure ya amince Myshkin da Krivtsov.

Ayyukansu sun karu da Gaske Shelar Cathedral da Church na shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin), wanda ya zama gida coci na Rasha Jikoki. An yi imani da cewa Pskov Masters, bisa ga doka da ya lokaci, ya zama almajiran Italian m da kuma aro daga duk na ilimi, fadada nasu kaya. Kamar yadda a zahiri ya faru - shi ne ba a sani ba, akwai kawai wani shawara, me ya sa ma'aikatan bar kuɓuta ba, da kuma kara shiri da aka neme, amma labarin ya ci gaba.

Haikalin shaida na tũfa a Moscow Kremlin aka tsarkake a cikin watan Agusta 1486. House-coci wani wurin salla daga cikin biyun nan saukar zuwa azuzuwan na ecclesiastical kursiyin da sarki Nikon. A waɗannan kwanaki sai aka kira "da gidan Vladychnaya" ciki a mi} an haɗa ta patriarchal kotu, karbi "keɓewa, da" Ubangiji na coci fitar da mutane ta hanyar da gini na Kremlin Rizopolozhensky coci.

haikali zanen

Kan bango na sauran Tsarin na Kremlin Cathedral Square coci a yau dubi kankanin kuma hur, amma a farkon Orthodoxy a Rasha, ya kasance watakila babban coci da dukan ƙasar. A ciki zane da aka sadaukar domin bikin da tasbihinsa na Uwar Allah.

A frescoes daga cikin manya matakin nuna rayuwar Virgin, da ƙananan biyu tiers sadaukar da Virgin Akathist. Zanen yi sarauta icon-painters - Osipov da Borisov, da kuma babban haikalin siffar "Our Lady of ajiye na tũfa" aka fentin da sanannen gunkin fenta Nazaire Istomin (XVII karni).

Don Church na shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin) a cikin XVII karni a gefen kudu ne m ɗakin sujada sadaukar Pechersk Icon na Theotokos, wanda ya rike wani jerin banmamaki icon, sanya a Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. A icon aka dauke da m na Rasha archdiocese da aka tare da ayyana kabila daga cikin coci a Kiev, na farko a cikin Vladimir kuma daga baya zuwa Moscow.

A Tsar gidan coci

A lokatan wahala da patriarchal yadi ƙone a matsayin mai yawa a lokacin da wani wuta. Nikon zo manyan-sikelin yi a cikin kotu da Boris Godunov, ya gabatar da shi ta hanyar Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, wanda ya sanye take da sabon gida coci. Saboda haka da coci shaida na tũfa a cikin Kremlin mayar da su cikin gidan sarauta. Tare da sarki bẽnãye da alaka da gallery, da kuma wani jerin Pechersk Icon na Mother bayan gina da Terem Palace bayyana a gaban windows na Sarauniya bẽnãye. Jerin da aka rasa bayan juyin juya hali, tare da ɗakin sujada, lokacin da za'ayi m sabuntawa aiki.

Tarihi na shaida na tũfa Church a Moscow Kremlin ne cike da yawa events ta samu ba daya wuta, da mafi mũnin abin da ya faru a 1737, lokacin da ya lalace, ko da Tsar Bell. A 1917, da Kremlin da aka kora daga manyan bindigogi, da kuma coci da aka mai tsanani lalace. Mayar da kuma sāke gina shi kamar yadda sau da dama kamar yadda a can hallaka, kuma amma mafi yawan hankali da aka mayar da hankali a kan na waje bayyanar, ciki zanen akai-akai fenti, amfani da sabon.

architecture

Yau, da Haikalin da aka located a kan shaida daga cikin tũfa Cathedral Square a cikin Kremlin ba sosai m ga shi ya sanya gefe da gefe da faceted bẽne, Terem Palace da kuma Cathedral na ɗauka. Kan bango na wadannan gine-gine coci ne kusan ganuwa, kuma duk da haka ta shekaru fiye da sauran grand gine-gine.

Church yana nufin gargajiya ta giciye gine-gine. An yi tubali, wanda a cikin XV karni fara maye tsohon a Vogue fari dutse. All kusurwoyi huɗu na haikali ne rabo kashi uku, kafin irin wannan rabo da aka kira da shinge. A musamman alama ne cewa tsakiyar shinge na coci ne da yawa fiye da bangarorin biyu. Sama kowane shinge bango kamar yadda kammala tsaye ga gargajiya keel zakomars Rasha gine (baka). Bagaden protrusions a kan m gefen kuma an rabu cikin uku semicircular sassa.

Church na shaida na tũfa a Moscow Kremlin - a domed coci tare da kwalkwali-dimbin yawa Dome, surmounted da wani cupola drum haske. Dome na drum aka yi wa ado da musamman ado na frieze marubucin, yana nufin da arewa na Pskov makaranta na Rasha gine. A tubalin an dage farawa daga kayan ado - tsare, begunets.

Kayan ado da kuma bayani

A gabashin ɓangare na haikali ne don dubawa daga Cathedral Square. A tsakiyar apse bagaden bango ne mafi m fiye da biyu gefen, narrower, saboda da gine-gine da tsarin giciye haikalin. Kewayen kewaye da Haikalin da aka located a saman wani ado frieze, abin da hidima a matsayin alama daga Rasha coci gine na farkon lokaci.

A'arãf a cikin ƙananan part ado Semi-ginshikan, wanda ya hado da babba matakin, maimaita juna keeled zakomaras. Uku ganuwar da coci bayyane m maharibai a cikin abin da gumaka da aka nuna a baya. Yanzu zauna kawai daya fresco na XVII karni a arewacin facade, an gano lokacin da sabuntawa aiki, a 1996, shi ne na mabiya da Patronal idin - Matsayi taguwa ta Virgin.

A entrances zuwa ga Ikilisiyar na shaida na tũfa (Moscow Kremlin) suna located a kan dukkan bangarorin. A gabas da kudu, za ka iya nan da nan samun ɗaka. A kudancin bakin ƙofar da aka yi wa ado da keel-dimbin yawa portal da kuma babban bene da kuma gabas - shi ne a cikin gallery na Terem Palace. The bayanai suna located a kan yammacin kuma arewacin bangarorin Haikalin, nuni ne baƙo a cloisters.

ciki

A ciki da haikalin Forms guda sarari a kan girma jam'iyya da kuma wani karamin yawa lasafta taro kamar yadda befits House Church. The Code dogara ne a bisa dirkoki huɗu. Space ganuwar da kuma ginshiƙai rufe da zane-zane na addini ciki.

Babban ɓangare na labarin ne duqufar da Virgin Mary, wani zanen style kama da zanen da frescoes na ɗauka Cathedral. A daidaituwa ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam: aikin a shekarar 1644, aka za'ayi sanannun Masters Pospeev Sidor da Abramov maniyyi. A posts aka nuna Rasha sarakuna, da metropolitans.

Yaya art na XVII karni, shi ya bayyana a cikin 1956, a lokacin da, a karkashin daga baya accretions suka buɗe kuma tsabtace tarihi batutuwa. maido da cikakken tsohuwar iconostasis, wanda bai bar Church na shaida na tũfa da Moscow Kremlin da aka gudanar a daidai wannan lokacin. Description na jimlar abun da ke ciki na zanen da iconostasis nuna cewa shi ne tushen launi mafita zane-zane.

iconostasis

Iconostasis sanya na azurfa, kowanne kofa da elaborately ado da ado. Saka gumaka suna fentin gaisuwa, haske launuka mamaye blue, ceri, farin launi. A iconostasis aka halicci bayan da Lokaci na matsaloli da kuma devastation same kasar. Abokin ciniki ya haifi sarki na farko na daular Romanov - sarki Filaret.

A saman uku da dama icons fentin a cikin studio ma'aikata iconographer Nazaire Istomin Savin a shekarar 1627. Kasa jere, rubuta master kansa, da hannayensu ne zuwa biyu tsakiyar icons - "Tsohon Alkawari Triniti," "The Virgin Hodegetria".

Restoration aikin tsakiyar 50s bayar da shawarar cewa frescoes a kan garun goyon launi haduwa. A wasan kwaikwayo zane muhimmanci da tasiri a baya lokaci na Kristanci, a lokacin da Rasha da aka birnin na Rum.

A majestic adadi a saman bene, kuma a kan ginshiƙai depicting manzanni da Grand shugabannai, gefe da gefe da iri a cikin abin da master, manne ga m canons, ya nuna girmamawa ga heroes na frescoes kuma yanayi a kusa da su ba farin ciki da kuma haske.

wayewar

A farkon 90-ies na shaida na tũfa Church aka bude ga baƙi, kazalika a lokacin patronal coci festival gudanar a nan ibada da ibadar. Daga kayayyakinsa tsira kawai 'yan abubuwa. Manyan kayayyakin gargajiya candlesticks shigar kafin iconostasis, a cikin tsohon kwana suka kira "bakin ciki kyandir" - m ciki. Candlesticks aka bai wa Haikali a matsayin kyauta ga sarki Yũsufu, a 1649. Suna yi wa ado da sassaka, da azurfa-plated farantansa, kuma suna dogara ne a kan stylized zakoki Figures. Wani abu na musamman yanki a 1624 ne wani azurfa chandelier, gilded marubucin tukunyar jirgi Maƙeran zinariya D. Sverchkov.

Haikalin ya zo ganin frescoes na XVI karni da kuma ziyarci nuni da tsoho Rasha katako sassaka, dake a cikin cloister. Daya daga cikin mafi tsoho reliefs depicting St. George XIV karni gana da baƙo kai tsaye zuwa ga nuna ƙofar. A cikin tsohon kwana irin ayyukan saka a kuma bauta iconostasis gumaka. Na da babban amfani ne Novgorod icon "Descent daga Cross" da kuma "The Virgin na ãyã" (Rostov).

A Rizopolozhensky Church, nuni da aka adana da kuma wani katako sassaka na farko Lardi na Rus - Jonah, aza coci a zamanin da. Nuna a lãbãri katako, gumaka na Solovetsky sufi image Nikolaya Mozhayskogo da takobi, a cikin irin a cikin abin da ya bayyana don kare birnin daga invaders Mozhaisk. Babu kasa ban sha'awa da kuma sauran curiosities - a crucifix daga Chudov sufi, nadawa, icon tsawon XV-XIX ƙarni.