Echinoderms dabbobi: description, sunan, photo

Echinoderms - wani irin dabba. Su ba za a iya kwatanta a tsarin da sauran iri. Bayyanar na dabba yayi kama da flower, wani star, a kokwamba, wani ball, da sauransu. N.

Tarihi da binciken

A zamanin d Helenawa ba su da sunan "echinoderms." Wakilai daga irin wannan sun dade da sha'awar da mutum. A tarihin binciken da aka alaka, musamman, tare da sunayen Aristotle da Pliny. kuma a cikin 18th da kuma farkon karni na 19th suka yi karatu da yawa sanannun masana kimiyya (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Duk da haka, mafi Dabbobi a lokacin da wani dangantaka da coelenterates, ko tsutsotsi. I. I. Mechnikov, Rasha a masanin kimiyya, ya gano cewa suna da dangantaka da kishechnozhabernymi. Swordsmen nuna cewa wadannan kwayoyin da aka alaka kama wakilan chordates.

A iri-iri na echinoderms

A zamaninmu, shi gano cewa echinoderms - dabbobi da cewa ya kasance a cikin rukuni na mafi sosai shirya kwaro - to deuterostome. Sun bayyana a Duniya fiye da 520 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce. Ragowar echinoderms da ake samu a sediments na zuwa farkon zamanin Cambrian. Wannan irin hada game da 5000 jinsunan.

Echinoderms - tẽku dabbobi, kasa, mafi yawan abin da yake a free-rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Kadan na kowa ne a haɗe zuwa kasa yin amfani da musamman tushe. A jikin mafi kwayoyin suna located a kan wani 5-haskoki, amma su lambar a wasu sauran dabbobi. An sani cewa echinoderm kakanninsu da hadin fasali, daga abin da a zamanin yau mallaka free-iyo larvae.

ciki tsarin

A wakilan echinoderms a subcutaneous connective Layer tasowa a kwarangwal hada da calcareous faranti da needles, ƙayayuwa, da dai sauransu N. A cikin jiki surface. Kamar yadda a chordates, wadannan kwayoyin sakandare jiki rami da aka kafa ta rabuwa da hanji mesodam bags. Gastropor a lokacin da suka ci gaba overgrown ko canza kama zuwa dubura. A wannan yanayin, da bakinka larvae kafa sãbuwa.

Echinoderms dabbobi suna da jijiyoyi. Duk da haka inhalation sun ɓullo da quite rauni ko ƙarancin. Wajibi ne a takaicce bayyana alamun echinoderms. A waɗannan dabbobi, babu musamman gabobin da tukar tumbi. Ã'a m juyayi tsarin kwayoyin ban sha'awa a gare mu. An located jera a cikin epidermis ko epithelium invaginates ciki na jiki.

external tsarin

Echinoderms siffofin dole ne suna goyon bayan da fasali na waje tsarin da wadannan kwayoyin. A matsanancin epithelium na babban ɓangare na echinoderms (tẽku cucumbers togiya) yana cilia wanda ƙirƙirar halin yanzu na ruwa. Su suke da alhakin samar da abinci, gas musayar kuma tsarkake jiki daga laka. A inuwõyi na echinoderms da dama ciwon daji (haddasa haske da kuma m), kuma pigments, wanda ba mai ban mamaki launi zuwa wadannan dabbobi.

Kwarangwal abubuwa a tarwada - calcareous faranti, wadda aka shirya a tsaye layuka, yawanci tare da spines, fice a waje. tẽku urchin ta jiki ana kiyaye shi ta calcareous harsashi. Ya kunshi jerin faranti, tam juna, tare da dogon needles, yana zaune a kan su. A teku cucumbers ne calcareous jiki, wanda aka wãtsa a cikin fata. Kwarangwal na wadannan kwayoyin a kan m asalin.

Musculature da ambulacral tsarin

Musculature na wadannan dabbobi gabatar murdede tube da kuma mutum tsokoki. Ta ci gaba da quite da kyau, kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda m daya ko wani dabba. A mafi jinsunan echinoderms ambulacral tsarin hidima don taba, motsi, da kuma wasu teku urchins da tẽku furannin tsara don numfashi. Wadannan kwayoyin suna raba, su gani da ci gaban mai metamorphosis na tsutsa.

rarrabuwa na echinoderms

Akwai 5 azuzuwan na echinoderms: gaggautsa, tarwada, teku urchins, teku furannin bi-rana da kuma Holothurians. Type ne zuwa kashi biyu subtypes: motsi da yardar kaina echinoderms gabatar gaggautsa taurari, holothurians, teku urchins da tarwada, da haše-haše - teku furannin bi-rana, kazalika da wasu dadaddun azuzuwan. An sani game da dubu shida zamani iri, da kuma ma game da sau biyu, kamar yadda da yawa bitattu. All echinoderms ne marine dabbobi da cewa rayuwa ne kawai a gishiri da ruwa.

tarwada

Mafi shahara wakilin irin muna sha'awar ne tarwada (photo na daya daga cikinsu ya gabatar a sama). Wadannan dabbobi kasance a cikin aji Asteroidea. Tarwada ba da gangan samun su sunan. A halittarsa, masu yawa daga cikinsu biyar-nuna star ko Pentagon. Duk da haka, akwai iri, yawan haskoki da kai hamsin.

Duba abin da mai ban sha'awa jiki yana da tarwada, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna sama! Idan an juyawa, ana iya gani cewa underside na bim ne layuka na kananan tubular kafafu da tsotsa kofin a karshen. Dabba, taba su, rarrafe a kan seabed, kazalika da hawa tsaye saman.

All echinoderms da damar don m farfadowa. Tarwada kowane katako, wanda aka rabu da jiki, shi ne mai yiwuwa. Ya nan da nan regenerates, da sabon jiki da ke fita daga gare ta. Mai tarwada ciyar a kan saura kwayoyin halitta. Su nemo su a cikin ƙasa. Su rage cin abinci ma ya ƙunshi, jikunan kifi da algae. Duk da haka, wasu 'yan tarwada - predators cewa kai farmaki su wadanda kafaffiyar (kwaro). Bayan hakar aka samu, wadannan dabbobi suna jefar da ciki fita. Saboda haka, narkewa daga wasu predatory tarwada da za'ayi. A haskoki na wadannan dabbobi suna da wani iko sosai a tsokoki. Shi damar da su zuwa sauƙi bude kilam sash. Tarwada iya da kuma murkushe shi nutse idan ya cancanta.

Mafi shahara daga cikin dabbobin daji ne Acanthasterplanci - kambi na ƙaya. Wannan shi ne mafi munin maƙiyi marine murjani reefs. Akwai kimanin 1500 jinsunan a cikin wannan aji (irin echinoderms).

Tarwada iya haifa biyu jima'i da kuma asexually haka (farfadowa). Mafi yawan waɗannan dabbobi - iri guda ba kwayoyin. Hadi da suka aikata a cikin ruwa. A jikin tasowa a metamorphosis. Wasu teku taurari rayu har zuwa shekaru 30.

Zmeehvostki (gaggautsa)

Wadannan dabbobi ne sosai kama da taurari: su ne bakin ciki da kuma dogon bim. A gaggautsa taurari (irin echinoderms) hanta ba appendages, da dubura da kuma hindgut. By hanyar rayuwa, su ne kuma kama da tarwada. Wadannan dabbobi ne iri guda ba, amma suna iya duka biyu farfadowa da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu. Wasu jinsunan ne mai bayyanãwa siffofin.

zmeehvostok jiki (gaggautsa) Ya buga wani lebur Disc wanda diamita ne 10 cm. Daga shi tashi 5 ko 10 segmented dogon bakin ciki bim. Animals amfani ga yunkuri na curving haskoki da wanda ja jiki tare da seabed. Wadannan kwayoyin motsa a jerks. Da suka ja gaba na ta nau'i biyu daga "hannayensu" sa'an nan abruptly folded mayar da su. Zmeehvostki ciyar a kan detritus da kuma kananan dabbobi. Gaggautsa taurari rayuwa a kan seabed, Sponges, murjãni, teku urchins. Akwai game 2 dubu jinsunan. Wadannan dabbobi an san daga Ordovician.

crinoids

Echinoderms ne sosai bambancin dabbobi. Misalai crinoids cewa ma ya kamãta da irin wannan, gabatar a sama. Wadannan kwayoyin suna na musamman kasa. Su kai a sedentary salon. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa teku furannin - wannan ba wani shuka, wato dabbobi, duk da sunan. A jikin wadannan kwayoyin kunshi wani kwano, da kara da kuma makamai (brachiolar). Tare da hannayensu suna tace abinci barbashi daga ruwa. Mafi zamani jinsin su ne free-iyo da kuma acaulescent.

Besstebelchatye furannin bi-rana ne sannu a hankali rarrafe. Za su ma iya iyo a cikin ruwa. Su rage cin abinci kunshi kananan dabbobi, plankton, algae sharan. A total number of jinsin aka kiyasta a 6000, wanda a halin yanzu ya wakilci kasa da 700. Wadannan dabbobi da aka sani tun zamanin Cambrian.

Da kyau a canza launin jinsunan teku furannin rayuwa, yafi a cikin teku, da teku na subtropics. Suna a haɗe zuwa daban-daban karkashin ruwa abubuwa. An yi imani da cewa wannan miyagun dabbobi, amma a cikin Mesozoic da Paleozoic zamanin, rawar da suka taka a cikin ruwayen tekuna da kuma tekuna, babba ne.

Sea cucumbers (teku kokwamba)

Wadannan kwayoyin suna kira daban: teku kokwamba, kwai capsules ko holothurians. Suna wakiltar wani aji na kwaro kamar echinoderms. Akwai ra'ayoyi cewa wani mutum ya ci. Da na kowa sunan edible teku cucumbers - "teku kokwamba". Trepang mined a kan wani babban sikelin a cikin Far East. Akwai kuma m teku cucumbers. Daga cikin wadannan sami daban-daban kwayoyi (msl, goloturiin).

A halin yanzu wakilta game 1.150 jinsunan teku kokwamba. Wakilai daga gare su, suna zuwa kashi 6 kungiyoyin. Silurian - lokaci, wanda ya hada da mafi tsufa burbushin teku cucumbers.

Wadannan kwayoyin bambanta daga sauran echinoderms, oblong, mai siffar zobe ko tsutsa-kamar siffar, kazalika da rage dermal kashi, da kuma cewa suna da wani protruding spikes. Bakin waɗannan dabbobi ne kewaye da aureole kunshi tentacles. Da taimakon wadannan teku cucumbers kama abinci. Wadannan dabbobi su ne tushe, ko da yake sosai rare, kuma rayuwa a cikin silt (pelagic). Su kai a sedentary salon. Sea cucumbers ciyar a kan kananan planktonic ko silt.

tẽku urchins

Wadannan dabbobi rayuwa a kan kasa, ko kusa da kasa. A jikin mafi yawansu ba su ne kusan mai siffar zobe, kuma shi ne kwai-siffa. Its diamita jeri daga 3.2 zuwa 30 cm. Waje da jiki da aka rufe da layuka na da zangarniya na calcareous faranti ko needles. Yawanci, da farantin an fixedly da alaka da juna, kafa harsashi (Shell mai yawa). Wannan harsashi ba ya ba da damar canza siffar dabba. Yau, teku urchins, akwai game da 940 jinsunan. A mafi girma yawan jinsunan da aka wakilta a cikin Paleozoic. A halin yanzu, akwai 6 azuzuwan, yayin da dadaddun - 15.

Kamar yadda na abinci, sa'an nan wasu teku urchins amfani da abinci matattu nama (detritus), yayin da wasu kankare daga duwatsu tsiren ruwan teku. A karshen harka dabba ta bakin sanye take da wani musamman daukan taban na'ura kira Aristotelian fitila. A bayyanar shi yayi kama da rawar soja. Wasu jinsunan echinoderms (tẽku urchins) tare da taimakon ba kawai neman abinci, amma kuma ya gyaggyara dutse ta hakowa ramuka a gare su.

Darajar na teku urchins

Wadannan dabbobi - mai muhimmanci nau'i na nazarin halittu albarkatun teku. A kudi ban sha'awa, yafi Roe na teku urchins. A Japan da kuma sauran kasashe na Asia-Pacific yankin, shi ne mai dadi samfurin. Caviar wadannan dabbobi ƙunshi mutane da yawa ilimin aiki abubuwa. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa abubuwa da suke a cikinsa, za a iya amfani da ciwon daji a matsayin warkewa da kuma prophylactic wakili. Har ila yau, sun kai ga al'ada jini, ta ƙara iko, outputted daga jikin mutum radionuclides. An tabbatar da cewa cin qwai abinci qara jure cututtuka, taimaka tare da narkewa kamar fili cututtuka, rage tasirin radiation far, inganta aikin na jima'i gland da thyroid, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin.

Ganin sama, shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa teku urchin - teku echinoderm, wanda ya zama wani maraba tasa. Alal misali, Japan mazauna a kowace shekara cinye game da 500 ton na qwai na dabba a cikin halitta nau'i, ko kamar yadda Additives da jita-jita. Af, tare da yin amfani da abinci da samfur hade sosai rayuwa a cikin wannan kasa, inda mutane suna rayuwa a kan talakawan 89 years.

A cikin wannan labarin, kawai babban echinoderms dabbobi da aka gabatar. Sunayensu, da fatan ka tuna. Yarda, da marine rayuwa shi ne da kyau sosai, kuma ban sha'awa.