Gill arches kifi. Ayyuka gill arches

Hanyar numfashi a kifi ne na iri biyu: sama da kuma ruwa. Wadannan bambance-bambance ya tashi, ya kyautata a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban waje dalilai. Idan kifi da kawai wani ruwa irin numfashi, wannan tsari da suka aikata da taimakon fata da kuma gills. A kifi, da iska-numfashi irin tsari ne da za'ayi amfani da nadzhabernyh jikinsu, yin iyo mafitsara, hanji da kuma ta hanyar fata. Babban gabobin da numfasawa, ba shakka, su ne gills, da kuma sauran - karin. Duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe tallafawa ko ƙarin gawarwakin yi a sakandare rawa, kuma sau da yawa suna da mafi muhimmanci.

Karsh nau'in kifi

Cartilaginous da kuma fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifi da daban-daban tsarin da gill rufe. Kamar wancan ne, tsohon da partitions gill slits, wanda ya samar da zahiri bude gills raba ramukan. Wadannan ganuwar an rufe tare da gill petals warwatse bi da bi, wani cibiyar sadarwa na jini. Wannan tsarin da gill inuwõyi suna da kyau kwatanta ta da haskoki da kifayen teku.

A lokaci guda, da bayanai iri na fitar kasusuwan jikinsu septum rage matsayin dole ba, kamar yadda da gill inuwõyi ne mobile kansu. Gill arches kifi yi da aiki na goyon baya, da kuma abin da gill filaments.

gill aiki. gill arches

A mafi muhimmanci aiki na gills ne, ba shakka, da gas musayar. Tare da su taimako tunawa oxygen daga ruwa, da kuma shi carbon dioxide da aka saki (carbon dioxide). Amma 'yan san cewa gills kifaye kuma taimaka wajen raba ruwa da kuma Saline al'amarin. Saboda haka, bayan da aiki a cikin yanayi da aka samu urea, ammonia, gishiri musayar auku tsakanin ruwa da kuma kifi jiki, da kuma musamman wannan shafi sodium ions.

A kan aiwatar da juyin da kuma gyara daga cikin subgroups kifi gill inji ne ma ya canja. Saboda haka, a fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifi gills kama crests, a cartilaginous suka kunshi faranti da kuma samun cyclostomes jakar kwai samar da gills. Dangane da tsarin da numfashi tsarin da kuma tsarin ne daban-daban, kazalika da aiki na gill baka na kifi.

tsarin

A gills suna located a tarnaƙi na Game da cavities na fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifi da kuma kare ta a murfin. Kowane gill kunshi biyar arches. Hudu gill arches suna da cikakken kafa, da kuma daya - rudimentary. Daga waje branchial Arch mafi convex bangarorin da arcs a cikin gill filaments mika, suna dogara ne cartilaginous haskoki. Gill arches bauta a matsayin wani goyon baya ga hawa lobes wanda ya kiyaye su a karkashi karkashi da free gefuna diverge baxini da kuma zahiri a wani m kwana. A cikin gill filaments da kansu su ne ake kira secondary faranti wadda aka shirya transversely lobe (ko petals, kamar yadda aka kira su). A gills yana da wata babbar yawan petals, daban-daban kifi na iya zama daga 14 zuwa 35 da millimeter, a wata tsawo na ba fiye da 200 microns. Su ne don haka kananan size cewa su nisa ba ya isa har zuwa 20 m.

Babban aiki na gill arches

Gill baka vertabrate aiki da aiki na da tace inji ta amfani da gill rakers positioned a kan wani baka na wadda ke fuskantar da baka rami na kifi. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu zuwa jinkirta da dakatar a bakin da suke a cikin ruwa shafi, da kuma da dama gina jiki kwayoyin.

Dangane da abin da ya ciyar da kifin gill rakers ma mutate. su ne bisa hada da kashi faranti. Saboda haka, idan kifi - mai predator, sa'an nan shi yana da stamens kuma suna located m iya zama m da kuma kifi da cewa ciyar musamman kan plankton rai a cikin ruwa shafi, gill rakers high da kuma located tsakiyar. Wadanda kifi da suke da omnivores, stamens da wani talakawan matsayi tsakanin yara da kuma planktivorous.

Sistem sakulasan ne sistem na huhu wurare dabam dabam

Gills na kifi ne mai haske ruwan hoda launi saboda da manyan adadin jini wadãtar da oxygen. Wannan shi ne saboda da m wurare dabam dabam tsari. A jini, wanda wajibi ne a wadãtar da oxygen (venous), tattara daga dukan jiki da kifi da kuma na ciki lakã shiga gill arches. Ciki lakã bifurcates cikin biyu Bronchial jijiya, bi da jijiya branchial baka, wanda, bi da bi, ya raba a cikin wani babban yawan paddles arteries enveloping gill filaments, shirya tare da ciki gefen cartilaginous haskoki. Amma wannan ba iyaka. Kada arteries kansu kasu kashi da yawa capillaries, wrapping wani lokacin farin ciki raga na ciki da kuma m petals. A diamita na capillaries haka kananan cewa shi ne daidaita da girma na erythrocyte daukawa oxygen zuwa jini. Saboda haka, gill arches yi da aiki na goyon baya ga stamens, samar da gas musayar.

A gefe guda duk da petals m arterioles ci a cikin guda jirgin ruwa, sunã gudãna a cikin jijiyoyinmu, ɗauke da jini, wanda hakan ya wuce a cikin Bronchial, sa'an nan a cikin dorsal lakã.

Idan wani ƙarin bayani game da gill arches kifi da za su gudanar da wani histological nazari, shi ne mafi kyau ga nazarin tsaye sashe. Saboda haka ba ne kawai zai zama a bayyane stamens da petals, amma kuma numfashi folds da suke da wani shãmaki a tsakãnin mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici da kuma jini.

Wadannan folds an liyi tare da guda Layer na epithelium, kuma a ciki - capillaries goyon bayan Pilar sel (reference). A shãmaki daga capillaries da kuma numfashi Kwayoyin ne sosai m da sakamakon da waje muhalli. Idan akwai wani rashin datti daga mai guba abubuwa a ruwa, da waɗannan ganuwar kumbura, delamination auku, kuma suka thicken. Shi ne fraught tare da tsanani sakamakon, kamar yadda da wuya aiwatar da gas musayar a cikin jini, wanda kyakkyawan take kaiwa zuwa hypoxia.

Iskar gas musayar a kifi

Shiri na kifi m oxygen faruwa da gas musayar. Babban yanayin jini da oxygen enrichment ne akai akai ruwa a cikin gills, kuma wannan na bukatar cewa gill baka da kuma dukan inji rike da tsarin, sa'an nan da aiki na gill arches a kifi ba damuwa. Yaxuwa surface dole ne ma kula da mutunci ga ta dace oxygenation na haemoglobin.

Domin aiwatar da m gas musayar a cikin jini capillaries kifi motsa a gaban shugabanci na kwarara daga jini a cikin gills. Wannan yanayin na taimaka wa kusan cikakken hakar oxygen daga ruwa kuma wadãtar da jini su. Wasu mutane auna jini oxygen taro game da abun da ke ciki a ruwa ne 80%. ruwa ya kwarara ta cikin gills ne saboda yin famfo da shi ta hanyar da gill rami, babban aikin da aka yi da motsi na da mouthparts, kuma gill rufe.

Abin da kayyade kudi na numfasawa na kifi?

Saboda halayyar siffofin iya lissafta numfasawa kudi na kifi da ta dogara a kan motsi na gill rufe. A taro na oxygen a cikin ruwa da kuma carbon dioxide abun ciki a cikin jini shafi mita na numfasawa na kifi. Haka kuma, wadannan fi girma na cikin ruwa dabbobi saukin kamuwa zuwa low yawa daga oxygen, da girma da adadin carbon dioxide a cikin jini. A numfashi mita ne ma ta shafa ruwan zafin jiki, PH, da kuma wasu dalilai.

A kifi da musamman ikon cire waje al'amari daga surface na gill arches da su cavities. Wannan ikon da aka kira tari. Operculums lokaci zuwa lokaci ake rufe, da kuma amfani da baya da ruwa dakatar Motion duk located a kan gills, wanke ruwa halin yanzu. Wannan buɗi na kifi mafi sau da yawa yakan faru idan ruwa da aka gurbata da guba abubuwa ko suspensions.

Ƙarin fasali na gills

Bayan da asali, na numfashi, gills aiki osmoregulation da excretory ayyuka. Kifi ne ammoniotelicheskimi kwayoyin, a gaskiya, kamar dukan dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa karshen samfurin na lalata da nitrogen-dauke da jiki ne ammonia. Shi ne ta hanyar da gills shi tsaye daga jikin kifi a cikin nau'i na ammonium ions, haka tsarkakewa jiki. Bugu da kari ga oxygen, ta hanyar da gills a cikin jini a sakamakon m yadawa, salts yi, low kwayoyin nauyi tana gina kazalika da manyan adadin inorganic ions a cikin ruwa shafi. Bayan gills, sha daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne da za'ayi ta wajen musamman Tsarin.

Wannan ya hada da takamaiman chloride Kwayoyin aiki osmoregulation aiki. Su ne iya motsi ions da sodium chloride, yayin da motsi a cikin wani shugabanci daura da babban yadawa dan tudu.

Movement of chlorine ions dogara a kan kifi mazauninsu. Saboda haka, ruwa tare kifi monovalent chloride ions aka canjawa wuri daga ruwa a cikin sel na jini, ya maye gurbin wadanda cewa an rasa a sakamakon aiki na excretory tsarin kifi. Amma a marine kifi tsari ne da za'ayi a gaban shugabanci: zabin samu daga jini a cikin muhalli.

Idan ruwa taro ƙara muhimmanci cutarwa sinadaran abubuwa, sa'an nan da karin aiki osmoregulyatsionnaya gills iya damuwa. A sakamakon haka, da jini shiga ba da adadin abubuwa da dole ne, kuma shi ne yafi mayar da hankali, wanda zai iya adversely shafi yanayin da dabbobi. Wannan bayani dalla-dalla yana ba ko da yaushe korau. Saboda haka, da sanin da wannan siffa daga cikin gills, za mu iya yaqi da yawa cututtuka na kifi, yin warkewa kwayoyi da kuma alluran kai tsaye a cikin ruwa.

Skin numfasawa na daban-daban kifi

Babu shakka duk kifi suna da ikon fata numfashi. Wannan kawai har zuwa abin da shi ne ci gaba - ya dogara a kan da yawa dalilai: wannan shekaru, da kuma muhalli da yanayi, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Saboda haka, idan kifi kawaici a cikin net ruwa ya kwarara, da yawan cutaneous numfasawa ne kananan da kuma nawa to kawai 10.2%, alhãli kuwa da tayi numfashi aiki aka yi na musamman ta hanyar fata, da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin cholic 'yar jakar.

Colonic numfashin

Dangane da yanayi dabam hanyar numfashi kifi. Saboda haka, wurare masu zafi catfish da loach kifi rayayye numfashi tare da taimakon da hanji. Lokacin da ingested iska isa can riga ta wani m cibiyar sadarwa na jini a cikin jini. Wannan hanya suka fara samar a kifi saboda da takamaiman yanayi na mazauninsu. The ruwa a cikin kududdufai a dangane da high yanayin zafi, yana da wani low oxygen taro, wanda aka aggravated da rashin kwarara da kuma turbidity. A sakamakon juyin canje-canje a cikin kifi tafkunan irin koya wa tsira, yin amfani da oxygen daga cikin iska.

An ƙarin aiki na iyo mafitsara

Swim mafitsara da aka tsara don hydrostatic tsari. Wannan shi ne ta babban aiki. Duk da haka, a wasu jinsunan kifaye iyo mafitsara ne Fit domin numfashi. Ana amfani da a matsayin tafki ga iska.

gini iri na iyo mafitsara

Dangane da ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin da iyo mafitsara, daga dukan nau'i na kifi ya kasu kashi:

• physostomous.
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Na farko da kungiyar shi ne mafi yawa kuma shi ne na farko, yayin da kungiyar zakrytopuzyrnyh kifi ne ragu. Yana hada, perch, mullet, cod, stickleback da sauransu da physostomous kifi, bisa sunan, da iyo mafitsara da aka bude don sadarwa tare da babban hanji kwarara, yayin da zakrytopuzyrnyh, bi da bi, -. No.

Irin kifi kuma suna da wani tsarin da iyo mafitsara. An raba gaba da raya masallatai wanda ake da alaka takaice da kuma kunkuntar hanya. Anterior jam'iyya bango mafitsara kunshi biyu bawo, na waje da kuma ciki, yayin da a waje ba a raya jam'iyya.

Vystlan swimbladder daya jere daga cikin squamous epithelium, bayan da a can ne a yawan sako-sako da connective, tsoka da jijiyoyin bugun gini nama Layer. Swimbladder yana peculiar kawai don shi pearlescent gani, wanda aka bayar da wani musamman m connective nama da ciwon fibrous tsarin. Domin tabbatar da ƙarfin da kumfa a waje biyu da bẽnãye an rufe tare da wani na roba serous membrane.

labyrinth Gabar

A kananan yawan wurare masu zafi da kifi ɓullo da wani takamaiman sashin jiki a matsayin labyrinth da nadzhaberny. Don wannan nau'in mulkin makropody, gourami, cockerels da snakehead. Formation za a iya lura a matsayin canje-canje a cikin pharynx, wanda aka canza kama zuwa nadzhaberny sashin jiki ko bulges gill rami (da ake kira labyrinth jiki). Su babban manufar - da yiwuwar samun sunadarin oxygen daga cikin iska.