Jimla processor: description, manufa na aiki

Jimla sarrafa kwamfuta, a kalla a cikin ka'idar, to ambaci 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Modern iri inji cewa amfani da wadanda ba na gargajiya makanikai don iya yiwuwar gaya yawa na bayanai, sun zama babban nasara. A cewar Developers, su aiwatar da aka watakila mafi nagartaccen fasahar taba halitta. Jimla sarrafawa aiki a matakan da al'amarin, abin da dan Adam bai san kawai 100 da suka wuce. Da m na wannan lissafin ne m. Amfani da m jimla Properties zai bugun sama da lissafin, don haka da yawa ayyuka da cewa su ne a halin yanzu na gargajiya kwakwalwa ba zai iya iya da za a warware. Kuma ba kawai a fagen ilmin sunadarai da kayan kimiyya. Wall Street yana nuna sha'awa.

Zuba jari a nan gaba

CME Group, ta zuba jarin da Vancouver kamfanin 1QB Information Technologies Inc., tasowa software don jimla irin sarrafawa. A cewar masu zuba jari, da waɗannan lissafinta iya samun mafi girma tasiri a kan tattalin arziki, wanda aiki da yawa m bayanai zuwa lokaci. An misali na irin wannan ciniki ne kudi cibiyoyin. Goldman Sachs kashe a D-Wave Systems, da kuma kamfanin A-Q-Tel a] en da CIA. A farko ƙera inji cewa yin abin da ake kira da "jimla annealing", watau. E. yanke shawarar da low-matakin ingantawa matsalar yin amfani da wani jimla processor. Intel ne ma tsunduma a zuba jari a cikin wannan fasahar, ko da yake shi ya wadãtu da aiwatar da nan gaba kasuwanci.

Me yi da shi?

Dalilin da cewa jimla sarrafa kwamfuta ne don haka da farin ciki, da yake a cikakkiyar hade tare da na'ura koyo. A halin yanzu, shi ne babban aikace-aikace domin irin wannan lissafin. Sunny wannan shi ne wani sakamako na da ra'ayin wani jimla kwamfuta - ta amfani da wani jiki na'ura don bincika mafita. Wani lokaci manufar bayyana ta da misali daga wasan hushi Birds. Don canzawa da hulda da nauyi da kuma colliding abubuwa CPU kwamfutar hannu yana amfani da ilmin lissafi lissafai. Jimla sarrafawa sa wannan dabarar a kan ta kai. Suka "jefa" 'yan tsuntsaye, da kuma lura da abin da ya faru. A microchip rubuta aiki: shi ne wani tsuntsu, suka jefa abin da mafi kyau duka yanayin? Sa'an nan bari duk yiwuwa mafita, ko a kalla a manya-manyan hade da su, da kuma amsar da aka bayar. A wani jimla kwamfuta matsaloli suna warware ba a lissafi, da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi aiki maimakon.

Yaya ta yi aiki?

Ainihin gini tubalan na mu duniya - da jimla-inji. Idan ka dubi kwayoyin, dalilin da abin da suka suna kafa da kuma zama barga - hulda da electron orbitals. All jimla-inji lissafin suna kunshe a cikin kowane daga cikinsu. Adadin su tsiro dabam dabam kara yawan abunda aka kwaikwaya electrons. Alal misali, 50 electrons ta wanzu a cikin biyu 50-mataki zabin. Wannan phenomenally manyan number, don haka shi ba zai iya lissafta a yau. Connection bayanai ka'idar don ta kimiyyar lissafi iya nuna hanya ga warware irin wannan matsaloli. 50 kubitovnomu kwamfuta iya yi da shi.

Dawn na wani sabon zamanin

A cewar Landon Downs, shugaba da kuma co-kafa 1QBit, jimla processor - yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da aiki ikon da subatomic duniya, shi ne muhimmanci a samu sabon kayan aiki ko da halittar sabuwar magunguna. Akwai motsa daga yayi na samu wani sabon zamanin zane. Alal misali, jimla sarrafa kwamfuta za a iya amfani da su Model catalysts wanda damar cire carbon da nitrogen daga sararin sama, da kuma ta haka ne taimake dakatar da xumamar duniya.

A sahun gaba na ci gaba

al'umma na developers na wannan fasahar ne musamman m da kuma aiki aiki. Teams a duniya, a farkon-rubucen, hukumomi, da jami'o'i da kuma gwamnatin Labs ana gina tseren mota, wanda amfani da daban-daban hanyoyin jimla bayanai aiki. Created qubit superconducting qubits da kwakwalwan kwamfuta a kan kama ions, wanda hannu masu bincike daga Jami'ar Maryland da kuma National Institute of Technology Standards kuma. Microsoft tasowa topological m kira Station Q, manufar wanda shi ne ya nema ba Abelian anion wanda kuma wanzuwarsa ba a ƙarshe tabbatar da haka.

Shekara m nasara

Kuma wannan shi ne kawai farkon. A karshen May 2017 da yawan jimla-type sarrafawa ana uniquely yin wani abu da sauri ko mafi alhẽri daga da na gargajiya kwamfuta, shi ne sifili. Wannan taron zai saita "jimla magabaci", amma ya zuwa yanzu shi ya faru ba. Duk da yake shi ne wata ila cewa wannan zai iya faru a farkon wannan shekara. Mai insiders ce cewa Google ne bayyananne fi so daga cikin kungiyar, karkashin jagorancin Farfesa na Physics, University of California a Santa Barbara, John Martin. Its manufa - don cimma m sarrafa kwamfuta da taimakon 49-qubit processor. By karshen May 2017 tawagar samu nasarar gwada 22-qubit guntu a matsayin tsaka-tsaki mataki wajen dismantling na gargajiya supercomputer.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara?

A ra'ayin amfani da jimla makanikai ga bayanai aiki shekaru da dama. Daya daga cikin key events faru a 1981, lokacin da IBM da MIT a hade shirya wani taro a kan mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta kimiyyar lissafi. Shahararren likita Richard Feynman samarwa don gina wata jimla kwamfuta. A cewar shi, domin kwaikwaiyo kamata dauki amfani da hanyar jimla makanikai. Kuma yana da wani babban kalubale, domin shi ba ya duba haka sauki. A jimla processor aiki manufa dogara ne a kan wani yawan m Properties na atoms - superposition da kuma katsalandan. A barbashi iya zama a jihohin biyu a lokaci guda. Duk da haka, a lokacin da aunawa da shi zai zama kamar ɗaya daga cikinsu. Kuma ba shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen a cikinsa, fãce ta fuskar ka'idar yiwuwa. Wannan sakamako shi ne tushen wani tunani gwaji Schrödinger ta cat, wanda yake a cikin akwatin lokaci guda matattu da kuma rai muddin 'yan kallon ba Sneak peep. Babu wani abu da aiki a rayuwar yau da kullum ta wannan hanya. Duk da haka, game da miliyan 1 da gwaje-gwaje tun farkon karni na ashirin, ya nuna cewa abun da ke ciki bai wanzu. Kuma mataki na gaba da aka fara nuna yadda ya yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi.

Jimla processor: bayanin aiki

Classic ragowa iya samun darajar 0 ko 1, yana yiwuwa ya ninka lambobi, zana hotuna da sauransu. N. Qubit kuma iya zama 0 idan suka rasa wani layi ta hanyar "dabaru ƙõfõfi" (d. AND, KO, BA, da dai sauransu), 1 ko biyu. Idan, ka ce, 2 qubit sarƙafewa, shi ya sa su daidai dangantaka. rubuta jimla processor iya amfani da dabaru ƙõfõfi. T. N. Hadamard ƙofar, misali, yana sanya qubit a superposition Jihar cikakke. Idan superposition da kuma katsalandan a hade tare da hikima ya positioned jimla ƙofofin, don fara bayyana da m na sub-atomic lissafin. 2 damar nazarin qubit 4 jihohi: 00, 01, 10 da kuma 11. The aiki manufa na jimla processor irin wannan cewa kisan dabaru ayyukan sa ya yiwu a yi aiki tare da dukkan matsayi a lokaci daya. Kuma da yawan samuwa jihohi ne 2 ga ikon da yawan qubits. Saboda haka, idan ka yi 50-qubit duniya jimla kwamfuta, shi ne rubuce yiwu mu bincika dukan 1.125 quadrillion haduwa a lokaci guda.

Kudity

Jimla processor a Rasha ga kadan daban. Masana kimiyya daga MIPT da kuma Rasha jimla cibiyar halitta "kudity" wakiltar dama "rumfa" qubits tare da daban-daban "makamashi" matakan.

mawadãta

rubuta jimla processor yana da amfani cewa jimla makanikai dogara ne a kan amplitudes. Yiwuwar amplitudes ne irin wannan, amma da suka iya zama mummunan, da kuma hadadden lambobi. Saboda haka, idan kana so ka kirga yiwuwar samun wani taron, za ka iya ƙara kowane irin mawadãta su ci gaba da zabin. A ra'ayin na jimla sarrafa kwamfuta ne ga kokarin saitin da tsangwama juna don haka da cewa wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da za a ba daidai ba amsoshi da wani m amplitude, da kuma wasu - wani mummunan, saboda haka za su soke juna. A hanya kai ga daidai amsar zai yi amplitudes abin da suke a lokaci tare da juna. A abin zamba ne cewa kana bukatar ka shirya kome da kome, ba tare da sanin a gaba abin da amsar daidai ne. Saboda haka karuwa da sauri jimla jihohi a hade tare da m kutse tsakanin tabbatacce kuma korau amplitudes da wani amfani na irin wannan ƙidãyar.

Shor ta algorithm

Akwai da yawa ayyuka da cewa da kwamfuta ya kasa warware. Kamar boye-boye. Matsalar shi ne cewa shi ne, ba haka sauki sami Firayim dalilai na wani 200 lambar lamba. Ko da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ne a guje tare da m software, za ka iya yi jira shekaru sami amsar. Saboda haka, wani milestone a jimla sarrafa kwamfuta ya zama wani algorithm da aka buga a 1994 da Bitrus baki, shi ne a yanzu farfesa lissafi a MIT. Ya Hanyar ne zan samu dalilai na babban yawan ta yin amfani da wani jimla kwamfuta, wanda bai wanzu ba tukuna. A gaskiya, da algorithm yi aikin aiki, wanda ya nuna yankin tare da daidai amsar. A shekara, baki gano wani Hanyar jimla kuskure gyara. Sa'an nan kuma, mutane da yawa sun fahimci cewa shi ne - madadin Hanyar lissafi, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya zama mafi m. Sa'an nan ya bi wata karuwa ban sha'awa daga lissafin kimiyya don ƙirƙirar qubits da dabaru ƙõfõfi tsakanin su. Kuma yanzu, biyu bayan shekaru da dama, bil'adama shi ne kan gab da samar da wani cikakken fledged jimla kwamfuta.