Kogwanni - wata halitta shafts, cavities da kuma rijiyoyin cewa tashi jera narkewa dutse. Bã su da hujjõji iyakoki da kuma mai karko arches suna kafa saboda da alli da farar ƙasa. A yankuna inda winters ne sanyi, sanyi iska ta shiga cikin kogon, kuma akwai m, don haka ko da a cikin bazara da iska zafin jiki ne kusa da sifili. Kuma a kan garun, da rufi kafa wani garin kankara ɓawon burodi, stalactites da stalagmites. Kungur Ice kõgon, dake a cikin Perm yankin, daya daga cikin mafi shahara da kuma babbar Rasha kogwanni, shi motsa tsawon kusan kilomita shida. Located cikin wani garin kankara tudun a dama banki na Sylva kogin.
Ina kogwanni kafa overlie irin rawa kamar farar ƙasa, kuma gypsum, alli, dolomite, marmara da gishiri. Akwai isasshen ruwan sama da kuma tadawa. Kogwanni kunshi tsaye gibba, rijiyoyin, shafts, karkata wurare, crevices, dakunan da labyrinths. A ganuwar da ceilings hadu stalagnates, stalagmites, stalactites, sinter-kafa droplets da capillary matattarar helictites, kuma crystallictites corallites. A cikin zurfin kogwanni suna gudana a karkashin kasa koguna, waterfalls, tabkuna kafa tare da picturesque "zaberegami". Domin kogwanni halin da musamman microclimate. Saboda haka abin da ake kira speleofauna saboda rashin hasken rana da kuma babban taro na carbon dioxide. iska zafin jiki cikin m da kuma daidaita da talakawan zafin jiki na yankin da su wanda su ne m.
A kudancin na Ural Mountains, a kan ƙasa na Bashkortostan, shi ne wani kogo Shulgan-Tash. A 1950, da Soviet tarihi A. Ryumin karatu kogon. Ya gano dutse zane-zane domin game da rabin kilomita. Image dorinu, mammoths, bison da dawakai da aka sanya da ocher. Excavated mutum saura, dabba kasũsuwa, ashe, gawayi show cewa akwai mutane fiye da goma sha huɗu da rabi shekara dubu da suka wuce. Yanzu da gidan kayan gargajiya da aka gina a ciki a kogon.
Rasha kogwanni suna da yawa. Su za a iya samu a cikin Eastern Sayan Mountains, kuma a cikin unguwannin bayan gari. All kiwo kogwanni da wani wucin gadi asalin. A tsakiyar karni na sha takwas a wadannan wurare da muka ɗauki dutsen domin gina Moscow. A kan lokaci daya motsa kasa, da sauran kafa na laifuffukan da samu karaya. A halin yanzu Podmoskovnye kogwanni nisa wuce tsawon na Caucasus. Sun jawo hankalin malamai da yawon bude ido. Mutane na kokarin brighten sama da launin toka kwanaki, akwai bikin maulidi, bukukuwan aure da kuma sauran bukukuwan. M hali a cikin kurkuku wani lokacin take kaiwa zuwa m sakamakon. Saboda wannan, da entrances zuwa quarry mai cike da hukumomi.
Kwanan nan, cikin kogwanni fara da za a yi amfani da magani dalilai. Su microclimate yana da curative Properties for fuka fama. A babban mataki na radioactivity da ionization na iska a cikin kogwanni da amfani sakamako a kan juyayi da kuma zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin. Speleoclimatic farko jam'iyya sanye take a sanatoriums "Kama" da "Malachite" a cikin makõma Ust-Kachka.