Kwakwalwa cerebellum. Tsari da kuma aiki na cerebellum

Cerebellum ( "kananan kwakwalwa") shi ne tsarin da yake a raya bangaren kwakwalwa a tushe na occipital bawo da kuma na boko lobe. Ko da yake cerebellum kuma kamar 10% na kwakwalwa girma, shi ya ƙunshi fiye da 50% na jimlar yawan neurons cikin shi.

An dade an yi ĩmãni cerebellum mutum motor tsarin, domin shi take kaiwa zuwa lalata ciwon daidaituwa, balance na jiki.

A adadi sama nuna kwakwalwa. A cerebellum aka nuna ta kibiya.

Ga abin da mai kananan kwakwalwa a giciye sashe.

A cerebellum ne a cikin kwakwalwa ya yi aikin da wadannan ayyuka.

Kasancewa balance da hali

A cerebellum yana da muhimmanci sosai don kula da ma'auni a cikin jikin mutum. Yana sami bayanai daga vestibular da proprioceptive rabe, sa'an nan modulates da umurnin mota neurons kamar yadda idan ya yi musu gargaɗi da canje-canje a cikin jiki matsayi ko wuce kima load a kan tsokoki. Mutane da lalace cerebellum sha daga balance cuta.

daidaituwa na ƙungiyoyi

Mai jiki ƙungiyoyi shafe dama daban-daban kungiyoyin na tsokoki da hul] a da juna. Yana cerebellum ne ke da alhakin bunkasa da ƙungiyoyi a jikin mu.

motor koyo

A cerebellum yana da muhimmanci ga mu horo. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin karbuwa da kuma gyara na mota da shirye-shirye zuwa ga yin daidai ƙungiyoyi ta aiwatar da fitina da kuma kuskure (misali, horo baseball da kuma sauran wasannin da bukatar motsi na jiki).

Fahimi matakai (fahimi)

Ko da yake cerebellum ne mafi gani cikin sharuddan da gudunmawar da motsi iko na'ura, shi ne ma hannu a wasu fahimi ayyuka, kamar harshe. Wadannan ayyuka na cerebellum na kwakwalwa ya ba tukuna aka yi karatu da kyau isa zuwa gare su iya gaya mana more.

Saboda haka, cerebellum aka tarihi dauke a matsayin wani ɓangare na mota tsarin, amma ta aiki ba ya kawo karshen akwai.

A tsarin da cerebellum

Ya kunshi biyu main sassa da alaka da wani tsutsa (matsakaici zone). Wadannan sassa biyu suna cike da farin abu, mai rufi da bakin ciki Layer na cortical m al'amari (cerebellar bawo). Har ila yau a cikin fari al'amari na gaban kananan gungu na launin toka al'amarin - kwaya. A gefen da tsutsa ne karamin yanki - da cerebellar tonsils. Yana taka rawa a cikin daidaituwa na ƙungiyoyi, yana taimaka don kula da sikẽli. Mun bayar da mukalli a tsarin da cerebellum.

A cerebellum ne zuwa kashi da yawa kananan sassa, kowanne daga abin da na da sunan, amma a cikin labarin zai tattauna kawai babbar sashi.

A adadi ne na mabiya da cerebellum. Wadannan lambobin koma zuwa cerebellar yammancin duniya da kuma fiye da haka:

1 - agara lobe. 2 - da midbrain. 3 - pons. 4 - Klochkova-nodular rabo. 5 - posterolateral crack; 6 - da na baya lobe.

Figures dace:

1 - cerebellar vermis. 2 - da agara lobe. 3 - Main crack; 4 - Hemisphere. 5 - posterolateral crack; 6 - Klochkova-nodular rabo. 7 - da na baya lobe.

ɓangare na cerebellum

Biyu manyan fasa guje mediolaterally, cerebellar bawo ne zuwa kashi uku hannun jari. Posterolateral fissure raba Klotchkov-nodular sulusi da murabba'i na kwakwalwa na jiki, da kuma babban crack raba cerebral jiki a cikin agara kuma na baya lobe.

Brain cerebellum sagittally kuma ya kasu kashi uku yankunan - biyu hemispheres rabu da talakawan (tsutsa). A tsutsa ne tsaka-tsaki yanki tsakanin biyu hemispheres (bayyananne morphological iyakoki tsakanin matsakaici yankin da babu kaikaice hemispheres, cerebellum amygdala ne tsakanin tsutsa da hemispheres).

cerebellar nuclei

All sakonni kwakwalwa cerebellum watsa tare da taimakon da zurfin cerebellar nuclei. Saboda haka, lalacewar da cerebellar nuclei yana da irin wannan tasirin kamar yadda jimlar lalacewa a duk cerebellum. Akwai da dama iri na tsakiya:

1. A nuclei alfarwa - mafi juya daga tsakiya located tsakiya na cerebellum. Sun sami sakonni daga afferents (jijiyar) na cerebellum, vestibular m, somatosensory, auditory, da kuma na gani bayanai. Sarrafa yafi a cikin fari al'amari na tsutsa.
2. Next view cerebellar nuclei hada kawai iri biyu tsakiya - siffar zobe kuma probkovidnye. Sun kuma sami sakonni daga wani tsaka-tsaki zone (tsutsa) da kuma cerebellum afferents da cewa kawo baya, somatosensory, auditory, da kuma na gani bayanai.
3. Dentate tsakiya su ne mafi girma a cikin cerebellum da aka shirya a gefen baya irin. Sun sami sakonni daga gefen hemispheres da cerebellum afferents da cewa kawo bayanai daga cerebral bawo (a kwakwalwa nuclei via gada).
4. Vestibular nuclei ne bayan da cerebellum, a cikin medulla oblongata. su ne ba haka tsananin nuclei na cerebellum, amma an dauke su aikin gyararriyar to wadannan nuclei, saboda wa gininsu ne m. Vestibular nuclei sami sakonni daga nodular Klotchkov-sulusi da murabba'i kuma daga vestibular labyrinth.

Bugu da kari ga wadannan sakonni, duk da tsakiya da kuma dukan sassa na cerebellum sami musamman data kasance lokacinta na baya zaitun na medulla oblongata.

Saka cewa anatomic wuri cerebellar nuclei dace yankuna na bawo, daga abin da suka sami sakonni. Saboda haka, tsakiyar core zubar Shart hatsaisai samu daga tsutsa dake a tsakiyar. probkovidnye gefen kuma mai siffar zobe nuclei sami bayanai daga gefe na tsaka-tsaki zone (wannan tsutsa). kuma mafi core na gefen kaya sami sakonni daga daya ko sauran yammancin duniya na cerebellum.

Kafafu da cerebellum

Bayani ga nuclei da nuclei na cerebellum yana daukar kwayar cutar via kafafu. Akwai iri biyu hanyoyi - afferent da efferent (faruwa ga cerebellum kuma daga, bi da bi).

1. Lower cerebellar kafar (wanda kuma ake kira igiya jiki) qunshi yafi da afferent zaruruwa daga medulla oblongata, kuma efferents vestibular nuclei.
2. Average cerebellar kafar (ko kafada gada) yafi qunshi afferents daga nuclei na pons.
3. M cerebellar kafar (ko hada guda biyu kafada) da farko qunshi efferent zaruruwa daga cerebellar nuclei da kuma wasu afferent zaruruwa daga spinocerebellar fili.

Saboda haka, bayanai a cerebellum daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar yafi ƙananan kuma tsakiyar cerebellar peduncle, da kuma cerebellum na daukar kwayar cutar da farko ta hanyar babba kafa cerebellar.

Akwai aka nuna a cikin mafi daki-daki ɓangare na cerebellum. Figure kama ko da tsarin kwakwalwa, mafi daidai, da tsarin da midbrain. lambobi:

1 - alfarwa tsakiya. 2 - da kuma probkovidnye siffar zobe core. 3 - dentate tsakiya. 4 - grubokie cerebellar nuclei. 5 - da m colliculus na midbrain. 6 - ƙananan bigeminum. 7 - da babba ze tashi kwakwalwa. 8 - da babba kafa cerebellar. 9 - tsakiyar cerebellar peduncle. 10 - baya cerebellar kafa. 11 - tubercle bakin ciki core. 12 - shãmaki. 13 - kasa na hudu ventricle.

Cerebellar aikin raka'a

Ilimin Halittar Jiki raka'a aka bayyana a sama, dace da uku da manyan aikin raka'a na cerebellum.

Arhitserebellum (vestibulotserebellum). Wannan bangare ya hada Klochkova-nodular rabo da kuma ta dangane da kaikaice vestibular nuclei. A phylogeny vestibulotserebellum ne mafi tsufa ɓangare na cerebellum.

Paleotserebellum (spinotserebellum). Yana hada da wani tsaka-tsaki sashi daga cikin cerebellar bawo da kuma tsakiya na alfarwa, da kuma probkovidnye siffar zobe core. Abin da za mu iya fahimta daga sunan, shi yana karɓa da asali sakonni daga spinocerebellar fili. Ya taka rawa a cikin hadewa da azanci bayanai zuwa motor dokokin, yin karbuwa daga mota daidaituwa.

Neotserebellum (pontotserebellum). Neotserebellum ne mafi girma a aikin sashen hada da kaikaice cerebellar yammancin duniya da kuma dentate tsakiya. Its sunan zo daga m sadarwa tare da cerebral bawo via nuclei na gada (afferents) da kuma ventrolateral thalamus (efferents). Ya aka hannu a cikin shiryawa na tafiya lokaci. Bugu da kari, wannan sashe ne da hannu a cikin fahimi aiki na kwakwalwa cerebellum.

Histology na cerebellar bawo

A haushi da cerebellum ne zuwa kashi uku yadudduka. A ciki Layer, granular, Ya sanya daga 5 x 1010 kananan, tam da alaka Kwayoyin a cikin nau'i na granules. A tsakiyar Layer, Purkinje cell Layer kunsa na daya daga wani adadin manyan Kwayoyin. A m Layer, kwayoyin sanya na axons da dendrites na granule sel Purkinje Kwayoyin kuma da dama wasu cell iri. Purkinje cell Layer Forms da iyaka tsakanin granular da kwayoyin yadudduka.

Granule Kwayoyin. Very kananan, densely cushe neurons. Cerebellar granule Kwayoyin asusu na fiye da rabin neurons cikin kwakwalwa. Wadannan Kwayoyin sami bayanai daga mossy zaruruwa da kuma Project shi zuwa Purkinje Kwayoyin.

Purkinje Kwayoyin. Su ne daya daga cikin mafi shahararren iri Kwayoyin a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kwakwalwa. Sai suka samar da wani babban fan dendrites finely branched tafiyar matakai. Abin lura shi ne cewa shi ne kusan biyu-girma dendritic itace. Bugu da kari, duk Purkinje Kwayoyin suna daidaitacce a layi daya. Wannan na'urar na da wani muhimmin aikin sharudda.

Sauran iri Kwayoyin. Bugu da kari ga main iri (granular da Purkinje Kwayoyin) cerebellar bawo ma ya ƙunshi daban-daban iri interneurons ciki har da Golgi cell korzinchatuyu da stellate Kwayoyin.

yi sigina

A cerebellar bawo ne mai gwada sauki, stereotyped juna siginar watsa damar, wanda shi ne guda a ko'ina cikin dukan cerebellum. Login bayanai ga cerebellum za a iya za'ayi a hanyoyi biyu:

1. Mossy fiber samar a cikin nuclei na gada, da laka, brainstem da vestibular nuclei, suka aika da sakonni cerebellar nuclei da granular Kwayoyin a cikin cerebellar bawo. Suna da ake kira mossy zaruruwa saboda bayyanar "tufted" a cikin lamba tare da granular Kwayoyin. Kowane mossy fiber innervates daruruwan granulosa Kwayoyin. Granular Kwayoyin aika axons zuwa gaba wajen haushi surface. Kowane axon rassan a cikin kwayoyin Layer ta hanyar aika sakonni a cikin daban-daban kwatance. Wadannan sakonni ne a kan zaruruwa, wanda ake kira a layi daya, saboda sun gudu a layi daya ga pleats na cerebellar bawo, a hanyar yin synapses da Purkinje Kwayoyin. Kowane layi daya fiber zo a cikin lamba tare da daruruwan Purkinje Kwayoyin.
2. Laz zaruruwa samar na musamman a cikin na baya zaitun da yada hatsaisai cerebellar nuclei da Purkinje Kwayoyin a cerebellar bawo. Suna da ake kira zuwa hawa saboda Yunƙurin na axon da kuma kunsa a kusa da dendrites na Purkinje Kwayoyin - kamar hawa inabi. Kowane Purkinje cell na'am da kawai wani musamman karfi turu zuwa hawa daga rai guda fiber. Ba kamar mossy zaruruwa da layi daya zaruruwa, kowane fiber Magana da manway 10 Purkinje Kwayoyin a tsakiyar, yin synapses tare da kimanin 300 daga kowane cell.

Purkinje cell ne kawai tushen bayanai canja daga cerebellar bawo (lura da bambanci tsakanin Purkinje Kwayoyin, wanda aika da sakonni daga bawo na cerebellum da cerebellar nuclei, wanda ba duka bayanai daga cerebellum).

Yanzu kana da wani tunani na abin da kwakwalwa cerebellum. Its aiki a cikin jiki ne da gaske da muhimmanci sosai. Kila da kowa da kowa a kan kanta da aka a Jihar maye? Saboda haka, barasa ke da isasshen ƙarfi sakamako a kan Purkinje Kwayoyin, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa, a gaskiya, mutumin da ya rasa ya auna kuma ba su iya matsawa kullum a lokacin barasa maye.

Ko daga wannan za mu iya cewa babban cerebellum (wanda bautarka game da 10% na jimlar kwakwalwa taro) ya cika wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jikin mutum.