Mene ne aikin da enzyme gina jiki? A enzymatic aiki sunadarai: misalai

The aiki na jikin mu - a hadadden tsari a wadda miliyoyin Kwayoyin hannu, dubban daban-daban abubuwa. Amma akwai wani yanki wanda shi ne gaba ɗaya dogara a kan takamaiman sunadarai, ba tare da abin da mutum ko dabba rayuwa zai zama gaba daya ba zai yiwu ba. Kamar yadda ka yiwuwa gane, muna magana ne a yanzu game da enzymes.

Yau za mu yi la'akari da enzymatic aiki da sunadarai. Wannan wata babbar yankin Biochemistry.

Tun lokacin da akai daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne yawanci sunadarai, sa'an nan ba za su iya a yi la'akari da su. Ya kamata ka san cewa a karon farko enzymes aka gano a cikin 30s na karni na 19th, kawai da masana kimiyya ya dauki fiye da karni, domin zo a wata fiye ko žasa da uniform definition a gare su. Saboda haka abin da aikin da aka yi da furotin enzymes? A wannan, kazalika da sifa da halayen da misalai za ka koya daga wannan labarin.

Dole ka fahimci cewa ba kowane sunadari zai iya zama wani enzyme, ko a ka'idar. Globular sunadarai kawai ta samar iya exhibiting catalytic aiki tare da girmamawa ga sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi. Kamar yadda da dukan halitta mahadi a cikin wannan aji, enzymes an hada da amino acid sharan. Lura cewa enzymatic aiki sunadaran (misalai na wanda za a yi a cikin labarin) za a iya yi kawai da wanda matauni taro ne karami fiye da 5000.

Mene ne wani enzyme, na zamani definition

Enzymes - mai kara kuzari na nazarin halittu asali. Bã su da ikon hanzarta da dauki, saboda da kusa lamba tsakanin reactants (substrates). Za mu iya cewa da enzymatic aiki sunadarai - wani tsari da wasu catalysis na biochemical halayen da suke na musamman domin wani rai gabar. Kawai karamin sashi na su za a iya sake bugawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Ya kamata a lura cewa a wannan yanki akwai ya kasance wasu nasara a 'yan shekarun nan. Masana kimiyya sun hankali zo kusa da samar da wucin gadi enzymes cewa za a iya amfani ba kawai ga tattalin arziki dalilai, amma kuma magani. An ɓullo da enzymes cewa zai iya yadda ya kamata halaka ko kananan yankunan na incipient ciwon daji.

Wanne sassa na enzyme kai tsaye da hannu a dauki?

Ka lura da cewa, a lamba tare da substrate bai hada da dukan jiki da enzyme, amma kawai wani karamin sashe na abin da aka kira da aiki site. Wannan shi ne su main dũkiyar complementarity. Wannan ra'ayi ya nuna cewa enzyme da aka fi dacewa dace da substrate a cikin tsari da kuma jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Za mu iya cewa da aiki na enzymes a cikin wannan yanayin ne kamar haka:

• Su ruwa da ke sauka daga harsashi surface.
• Akwai wasu nakasawa (rabuwa, misali).
• Bayan da aka shirya a wani musamman hanya a cikin sarari, yayin da motsi kusa da juna.

Wadannan dalilai kai ga hanzari na dauki. Yanzu, bari mu yi kwatanta tsakanin enzymes da inorganic catalysts.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da enzymatic aiki sunadarai na bukatar bayani dalla-dalla. By kanta za ta kara da cewa da yawa daga wadannan sunadarai da ma jinsin musamman. Kawai sa, mutum enzymes wuya dace a Guinea alade.

Muhimman bayanai game da tsarin enzymes

A tsarin da wadannan mahadi da aka ware nan da nan uku matakan. A primary tsarin za a iya gano da amino acid sharan wanda wani bangare ne na enzymes. Tun da enzymatic aiki sunadarai, misalai daga abin da muka yi ta maimaitawa kawo sunayensu a cikin wannan labarin, za a iya za'ayi kawai da wasu Categories mahadi, to gano su daidai a kan wannan hasashe ne quite real.

Kamar yadda da sakandare, da m cikinta aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙarin iri shaidu cewa zai yiwu yafaru tsakanin wadannan amino acid sharan. Wannan sadarwa hydrogen, electrostatic, hydrophobic, kuma Van der Waals interactions. A sakamakon tashin hankali da zai haddasa wadannan sadarwa a sassa daban daban na enzyme samar α-Helix, madauki da β-strands.

A manyan tsari ne sakamakon cewa mun gwada manyan rabo daga cikin polypeptide sarkar kawai ninka. A sakamakon strands ne kira yankuna. A karshe, karshe samuwar wannan tsarin faruwa ne kawai bayan da wani barga hulda kafa tsakanin daban-daban yankuna. Ya kamata a tuna da cewa samuwar domains kansu faruwa a cikin gaba daya m hanya daga juna.

Wasu yankin halaye

Yawanci, da polypeptide sarkar daga wanda aka kafa, kunshi kimanin 150 amino acid sharan. Lokacin domains hulɗa tare da juna, kafa globule. Tun da aikin da aka yi da enzymatic aiki shafukan dangane da su, ya fahimtar muhimmancin wannan tsari.

A yankin kanta ne halin da cewa tsakanin amino acid sharan a cikin tsarin akwai yawa interactions. Adadin su ne mafi girma ga waɗanda halayen tsakãninsu yankuna. Saboda haka, rami tsakanin su gwada "m" zuwa ayyuka na daban-daban Organic kaushi. A girma daga cikin tsari na 20-30 cubic angstrom cewa ya yi daidai da dama ruwa kwayoyin. Daban-daban domains sau da yawa da mai gaba daya musamman uku-girma tsarin, wanda ake dangantawa da wasan kwaikwayon na gaba ɗaya daban-daban ayyuka.

aiki shafukan

Matsayin mai mulkin, da aiki shafukan suna located tsananin tsakanin yankuna. Haka kuma, kowanne daga abin da taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shakka daga cikin dauki. Saboda wannan tsari na domains samu babba sassauci, motsi a cikin yankin na enzyme. Wannan shi ne musamman da muhimmanci, tun da enzymatic aiki aka yi kawai ne ga waɗanda mahadi da cewa zai iya dace canja da na sarari matsayi.

Tsakanin polypeptide bond tsawon a jikin enzyme, kuma ta yaya hadaddun ayyuka da suka yi, akwai wani kai tsaye link. Wahala rawa biyu cimma ta kafa da aiki site na dauki tsakanin catalytic yankin da kuma saboda da samuwar gaba ɗaya sabon domains.

Wasu sunadarai, enzymes (misalai - lysozyme da glycogen) iya bambanta ƙwarai a cikin size (129 da 842 amino acid sharan, bi da bi), ko da yake da dauki aka catalyzed tsakiyan nonon da sunadarai shaidu da irin. A bambanci shi ne, mafi m da kuma manyan enzymes masu iya mafi alhẽri sarrafa matsayinsu a sarari, wadda tabbatar mafi girma zaman lafiya da kuma gudun dauki.

Babban rarrabuwa na enzymes

A halin yanzu ya amince kuma tartsatsi a duniya su ne daidaitattun rarrabuwa. A cewar ta, shi tsaye shida core azuzuwan, tare da dacewa subclasses. Mun la'akari kawai da asali. A nan su ne:

1. Oxidoreductases. The aiki na enzymes a cikin wannan harka - ruri redox halayen.

2. Transferases. Iya yi da canja wurin substrates tsakanin wadannan kungiyoyin:

• Daya-carbon raka'a.
• Da ya rage daga aldehydes da ketones.
• Acyl da glycosyl aka gyara.
• Alkyl (as wani togiya ba zai iya kai CH3) sharan.
• Nitrogenous sansanonin.
• Groups dauke da phosphorus.

3. Hydrolases. A wannan yanayin, da enzymatic aiki ne manne da sunadarai na wadannan iri mahadi:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Esters, kuma thioesters.
• Peptide irin shaidu.
• Relationship irin CN (sai dai na wannan peptide).

4. Lyases. Shin iya disengaging kungiyoyin da m samuwar wani biyu bond. Bugu da ƙari, akwai iya yi da kishiya tsari: shiga zaba kungiyoyin da su rubanya shaidu.

5. Isomerases. A wannan yanayin, da enzymatic aiki sunadaran da wahala isomeric catalysis halayen. Wannan kungiyar hada da wadannan enzymes:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• Intramolecular oxidoreductases.
• Intramolecular transferases.
• Intramolecular lyase.

6. Ligases (in ba haka ba da aka sani da synthetase). Suna amfani ga tsagawa ATP yayin da kafa wasu sadarwa.

Yana da sauki lura da cewa enzymatic aiki sunadarai ne wuce yarda da muhimmanci, kamar yadda su ne wasu har iko da kusan dukkan halayen faruwa kowane biyu a jikinka.

Abin da ya rage daga cikin enzyme bayan da hulda da substrate?

Sau da yawa, da enzyme ne mai gina jiki globular asalin, da aiki cibiyar wanda aka wakilta ta wannan amino acid sharan. A duk sauran lokuta, a cikin cibiyar rarraba da tabbaci da alaka da shi afar roba kungiyar ko coenzyme (ATP, misali), da dangantakar da ke yawa weaker. A kara kuzari da ake kira holoenzyme, kuma ta saura, bayan kau na kafa ATP apoenzyme.

Saboda haka, bisa ga alama wannan enzymes kasu da wadannan kungiyoyin:

• Simple hydrolase, lyase, kuma isomerase, wanda kullum ba su dauke da coenzyme tushe.
• Enzyme sunadaran (misalai - wasu transaminase) hada da} afar roba kungiyar (lipoic acid, misali). Wannan kungiyar hada da mutane da yawa daga peroxidase.
• Enizmy ga abin da ake bukata coenzyme farfadowa. Wadannan sun hada da kinases, kazalika da mafi yawan oxidoreductases.
• Sauran catalysts, da abun da ke ciki na wanda aka ba tukuna cikakken gane.

Duk abubuwa da bangare ne na farko da kungiyar, ana amfani da ko'ina a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci. All sauran catalysts bukatar sosai musamman yanayi na ta kunnawa, sabili da haka ne kawai aiki a cikin jiki, ko a wasu gwaje-gwaje gwajen. Saboda haka, enzymatic aiki - wannan shi ne sosai musamman dauki, wadda ta ƙunshi a haramta motsa (catalysis) a cikin halayen wasu iri da kyau-tsare yanayi na mutum ko dabba jiki.

Abin da ya faru a cikin aiki site, ko me ya sa enzymes aiki don haka yadda ya kamata?

Mun sha bayyana cewa key zuwa fahimtar enzymatic catalysis ne halittar aiki cibiyar. Shi ne, akwai cewa takamaiman nauyin da substrate, wanda a irin wannan yanayi ne yafi aiki amsa. A domin ka gane wuya daga cikin halayen da ake da za'ayi a can, ba mai sauki misali ga faru glucose fermentation, shi wajibi ne da zarar 12 enzymes! Daidai da wuya hulda zama zai yiwu ne kawai saboda gaskiyar cewa mai gina jiki da cewa ya yi aikin enzymatic aiki na da mafi digiri na bayani dalla-dalla.

Nau'in na enzymes bayani dalla-dalla

Yana da cikakken. A wannan yanayin, da bayani dalla-dalla da aka nuna daya kawai, tsananin ayyana irin enzyme. Saboda haka, urease interacts kawai tare da urea. Tare da lactose madara kamar yadda shi shiga da dauki a karkashin wani yanayi. Wannan shi ne abin da aikin da aka yi da sunadarai, enzymes a cikin jiki.

Bugu da kari, kungiyar ba nadiri cikakkar bayani dalla-dalla. Kamar yadda za a iya fahimta daga sunan, a cikin wannan yanayin akwai "receptivity" tsananin zuwa wani aji na gudanar da mahadi (esters, ciki har da hadaddun alcohols ko aldehydes). Alal misali, pepsin, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin key enzymes daga cikin ciki, kawai ya nuna bayani dalla-dalla ga hydrolysis da peptide bond. Barasa dehydrogenase interacts na musamman tare da alcohols da laktikodegidraza ba raba wani abu, wanin alpha-hydroxy acid.

Sai ya faru kuma cewa enzymatic aiki halayyar wani musamman kungiyar na mahadi, amma a karkashin wani yanayi, da enzymes za su iya aiki a kan quite daban-daban daga main "manufa" na wani abu. A wannan yanayin, da mai kara kuzari "o ƙarin" zuwa wani aji na abubuwa, amma a karkashin wani yanayi da zai iya manne da sauran mahadi (ba dole ba ne m). Duk da haka, a cikin wannan harka, da dauki zai je fiye da sannu a hankali.

Yadu da aka sani ga ikon da trypsin aiki a kan peptide shaidu, amma 'yan mutane san cewa wannan gina jiki da cewa ya yi aikin aiki na enzyme a cikin gastrointestinal fili, na iya amsa tare da daban-daban ester mahadi.

A karshe, akwai da bayani dalla-dalla na Tantancewar. Wadannan enzymes iya hulɗa da fadi da dama na abubuwa lissafa gaba ɗaya, amma kawai a karkashin yanayin da cewa suna da wani da-tsare Tantancewar Properties. Saboda haka, enzymatic aiki sunadarai a cikin wannan yanayin ne sosai kama da manufa na mataki ne ba enzymes, catalysts da inorganic asalin.

Abin da dalilai sanin yadda ya dace da catalysis?

Yau, an yi imani da cewa abubuwan da sanin wani musamman babban mataki na yadda ya dace da enzymes ne:

• maida hankali sakamako.
• sarari fuskantarwa sakamako.
• A versatility na aiki dauki cibiyar.

A general, da sakamako daga abu maida hankali ba ya bambanta daga abin da a inorganic catalysis halayen. A wannan yanayin, wani taro na irin substrate, wanda shi ne sau da yawa ta fi mai kama da darajar domin dukan wasu abubuwa da girma na bayani a cikin aiki cibiyar. A dauki cibiyar selectively dadin jikina kwayoyin abubuwa wanda dole ne amsa da juna. Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa wannan sakamako take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a cikin sunadarai dauki kudi da dama umarni na girma.

Lokacin da wani misali tsarin sunadarai daukan wuri, shi ne musamman muhimmanci, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na hulda da kwayoyin za su yi karo da juna. Kawai sa, da abu na kwayoyin a lokacin da karo tilas ne a daidaitacce zumunta da juna. Saboda gaskiya cewa an yi don dole, to, duk da hannu aka gyara an shirya a wani layi, da catalysis dauki an kara ta game da uku umarni na irin wannan nuna a cikin aiki site na enzyme.

Karkashin multifunctionality a cikin wannan harka da shi tana nufin wani dũkiyar duk aka gyara na aiki site a lokaci guda (ko tsananin hadewa) yi a kan kwayoyin "bi" abu. A cikinsu daya (kwayoyin) ba kawai dace gyarawa a sarari (ga. Sama), amma kuma ƙwarai sauya halaye. Duk da wannan tare kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa enzyme da ake zama da sauƙin yi aiki a kan substrate kamar yadda ake bukata.