Kamar yadda nazarin halittu catalysts an kira? A enzymes kamar yadda nazarin halittu catalysts

Jikin mutum da ake kira da biochemical factory kaucewa a banza. Bayan duk, kowane minti daya na shi faruwa dubbai, dubban daruruwan hadawan abu da iskar shaka, tsakiyan nonon, dawo da kuma sauran halayen. Wannan damar da su ci gaba da irin wannan babbar gudun, samar da kowane cell tare da samar da makamashi, abinci da kuma oxygen?

A ra'ayi na catalysts

Dukansu inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai an yadu amfani musamman abu iya accelerating sinadaran halayen a dubbai, da kuma wani lokacin miliyoyin sau. Sunan wadannan mahadi - "catalysts". A inorganic sunadarai ne da karfe oxides, platinum, da azurfa, nickel da sauransu.

Su main mataki - da samuwar wucin gadi gidaje tare da dauki daga cikin mahalarta, da ragewan kunnawa makamashi na tsari yana tafiya ne sau da yawa sauri. Bayan nan, cikin hadaddun decomposes da ikon yinsa, za a iya deduced daga mai kara kuzari a cikin wannan gwajin kwari da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki kamar yadda kafin a fara aiwatar.

Akwai biyu zažužžukan for catalytic halayen:

• kama - totur kuma cikin mahalarta a cikin wannan jiha na tari.
• iri-irin - totur da mahalarta a cikin daban-daban jihohin, akwai da ke dubawa.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai adawa da sakamakon da mahadi - hanawa. Suna nufin slowing saukar da zama dole halayen. Alal misali, suna iya rage adadin lokaci a kan samuwar lalata.

Halittu catalysts ne inherently daban-daban daga inorganic, kuma da kaddarorin su more musamman. Saboda haka, a zaune tsarin catalysis wani.

Enzymes - abin da yake da shi?

An tabbatar da cewa idan da sakamako na musamman abubuwa da hanzarta wasu matakai ba su da za'ayi a cikin rayuwa tsarin, shi ne yawanci wani apple a ciki za a narkewar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Domin cewa adadin lokaci zai fara tafiyar matakai na lalata da kuma Rotting abinci maye. Duk da haka, wannan bai faru, da kuma 'ya'yan itace ne da cikakken sarrafa riga da rabi hours. Motsa jiki ne nazarin halittu catalysts, waxanda suke da yalwa ba a cikin abun da ke ciki na kowane kwayoyin. Amma abin da suka kasance, da abin da irin wannan mataki ne tushen?

Halittu catalysts na gina jiki yanayi - ne enzymes. Su akai - hadaddun tsarin kungiyar, mallakan wani yawan takamaiman Properties. Kawai sa, wannan na musamman da sunadarai iya rage kunnawa makamashi na matakai a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma aiwatar da su a wani kudi wucewa cikin saba dabi'u na 'yan sau miliyan.

Akwai misalai da yawa na wadannan kwayoyin:

• catalase.
• amylase.
• oxidoreductases.
• glucose oxidase.
• lipase.
• invertase.
• lysozyme.
• protease da sauransu.

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da enzymes - nazarin halittu catalysts na mai gina jiki yanayi, wanda aiki a matsayin mai iko accelerators, kunna dubban matakai a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da wani sosai high gudun. Su mataki dogara ne a kan narkewa, hadawan abu da iskar shaka, saukarwa.

Kamance da inorganic catalysts gina jiki

A enzymes kamar yadda nazarin halittu catalysts da wasu Properties kama da inorganic. Don wadanda hada da wadannan:

1. Thermodynamically yiwu kawai hanzarta da dauki.
2. Yana ba zai tasiri a miƙa da sinadaran ma'auni a cikin ma'auni kuma tsarin guda gudun biyu gaba da kuma baya.
3. A sakamakon haka, a cikin dauki ne kawai kayayyakin, da kara kuzari ba daga gare su.

Duk da haka, baya ga kama, akwai kuma siffofi na enzymes.

Bambance-bambance dangane da yanayin

Halittu catalysts da dama musamman fasali:

1. A babban mataki na selectivity. Ina nufin daya gina jiki shi ne iya kunna kawai wani takamaiman dauki ko kama da kungiyar. Mafi sau da yawa aiki makirci "enzyme - substrate ne mai tsari."
2. A musamman high mataki na aiki, saboda wasu nau'o'in sunadaran da suke iya hanzarta da dauki miliyoyin sau.
3. Enzymes ne sosai dogara a kan muhalli da yanayi. Shin aiki ne kawai a wasu zafin jiki fuska. Haka kuma an karfi da ya rinjayi PH. Akwai kwana nuna m darajar, matsakaicin kuma ganiya rabo ga kowane enzyme.
4. Akwai musamman mahadi kira effectors, cewa suna iya hana da nazarin halittu yanayi na mai kara kuzari, ko, conversely, yana da wani tasiri mai kyau gare su.
5. A substrate a kan abin da enzyme aiki, ya zama tsananin musamman. Akwai ka'idar, wanda ake ce da key da kuma kulle. Ta bayyana da enzyme inji na mataki a kan wani substrate. A kara kuzari, kamar key, da aka saka a cikin substrate zuwa ta aiki site, da kuma dauki an qaddamar.
6. Bayan aiwatar da enzyme da aka partially ko kaucewa halaka.

Saboda haka, shi ne bayyananne cewa, darajar ne musamman manyan gina jiki ham rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, su mataki ne batun wasu sharudda da kuma tsare yanayi.

A binciken da na catalysis a makaranta

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na manhaja karatu kamar yadda catalysts a cikin sunadarai da kuma ilmin halitta. Chemistry darasi suna karatu a cikin sharuddan na kayayyakin amfani ga masana'antu syntheses, to sami fadi da dama kayayyakin. nazarin halittu catalysts aka dauke a cikin ilmin halitta aji. Grade 9 shafi nazarin ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da kuma Biochemistry kayan yau da kullum. Saboda haka, yana a wannan matakin na ilimi , dalibai samu asali sanin yadda enzymes daga cikin aiki abu a jikin halittu masu rai.

A darussan da gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da na tabbatar da sinadaran aiki daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a takamaiman zafin jiki da kuma PH jeri:

• nazarin sakamako na hydrogen peroxide a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga danyen da Boiled karas.
• tasiri a kan nama (zafi bi da raw), dankali da kuma sauran kayayyakin.

A enzymes a cikin jikin mutum

Kowane dalibi, wanda ya koma da kafa isasshe line talakawan mahada samuwar san yadda kira nazarin halittu catalysts. Enzymes a cikin jiki ne tsananin takamaiman specialization. Saboda haka yana yiwuwa suna da tsara wakili ga kowane tsari.

Saboda haka, duk enzymes na jiki za a iya raba da dama kungiyoyin:

• oxidoreductase, msl, catalase ko barasa dehydrogenase.
• transferase - Kenaz.
• hydrolases muhimmanci ga narkewa: pepsin, amylase, lipoprotein lipase, esterase da kamar;
• ligase, msl, a DNA polymerase.
• isomerase.
• lyase.

Tun da dukan wadannan mahadi gina jiki a cikin yanayi, kazalika da hadaddun na bitamin a cikin abun da ke ciki, da zazzabi da aka fraught denaturing cikin tsari, da kuma saboda haka, da karewa dukkan biochemical halayen. A wannan yanayin, jiki kusa mutuwa. Saboda haka, high yanayin jiki da ake bukata don kawo saukar a lokacin da rashin lafiya.

Amfani da furotin da catalysts a masana'antu

Sau da yawa, da enzymes ana amfani da daban-daban da masana'antu :

• sinadaran.
• yadi.
• abinci.

A kan shelves za ka iya ganin cleansers da ƙuna da enzymes ciki - wannan ne enzymes cewa inganta ingancin wanki da wanka.

Menene nazarin halittu catalysts?

Overestimate da darajar da wuya. Bayan duk, ba kawai don suna da damar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da rayuwa, numfashi, ci, motsa jiki da metabolism, amma kuma ba mu samu damar halakar da masana'antu sharar gida, sami magani don kare da kuma adana su kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli.