Mene ne almara. Main almara nau'o'i

Kafin tafiyad da almara Genre, ya kamata ka gano abin da yake a baya da wannan lokaci. A wallafe-wallafen da karatu, da kalmar sau da yawa za kira da dama daban-daban mamaki.

Akwai category kamar yadda a wallafe-wallafen irin. A cikin duka, akwai uku, da kuma kowane hada da wani yawan kayayyakin da wani irin nau'in jawabin nasa kungiyar. Wani muhimmin, daki-daki - kowane tseren ne daban-daban a cikin su mayar da hankali a kan batun, abu, ko wani aiki na m magana.

Babban kashi

A key naúrar aka ƙaddara ta rarraba adabi - da kalmar. Shi ne da farko wani wanda aka nuna abu ko kuma ya mayar da tattaunawa haruffa, ko nuna halin kowane magana.

Duk da haka dai, a gargajiyance akwai nau'i uku na wallafe-wallafe. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo, shayari, almara.

irin adabi

Idan drama siffanta mutum da mutum a rikicin da wasu, da kuma lyrics nufin da magana daga ji da kuma tunani na marubucin, almara nau'o'i nufa wani haƙiƙa hoto daga cikin mutum hulda da duniya kewaye da shi.

Da yawa da hankali ne ya biya zuwa events, haruffa, yanayi, zamantakewa da kuma yanayi. Yana da wannan dalilin cewa almara Genre a adabi mai girma iri-iri fiye da wasan kwaikwayo ko shayari. Da ikon yin amfani da harshen zurfin damar marubucin biya musamman da hankali ga bayanin da labari. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen epithets, nagartaccen a zane bada shawarwari, da kowane irin metaphors, salon maganarsu, da dai sauransu Wannan kuma da yawa wasu - alama da cikakken bayani.

Major almara nau'o'i

Daga girma ga almara hada da wadannan nau'o'i: almara, labari kuma ayyukan da fada karkashin biyu ma'anar. Wannan Generic nadi contrasted kananan nau'o'i kamar labarin, labarin, da dai sauransu

Almara za a iya bayyana ta biyu ma'anar:

1. Zuzzurfan labari, da mayar da hankali daga waxanda suke da fice a tarihi.

2. A tsawo da hadaddun tarihi, wanda ya hada da wani iri-iri na abubuwan da haruffa.

Misalai na almara Genre ne "The shuru Don" ayyuka na Rasha adabi, MA Sholokhov da "War kuma aminci ya tabbata" LN Tolstoy. Duka biyu littattafai ne halayyar mãkirci, rufe shekaru da dama na wasan kwaikwayo a tarihin kasar. A cikin farko idan shi ne farko Duniya da kuma yakin basasa, halaka Cossacks, wanda sun hada da babban haruffa. Tolstoy ta almara game da rayuwa da nobility kan bango na adawa da Napoleon, na jini da fadace-fadace, da kuma kona Moscow. Dukansu marubuta kula da dama haruffa da kuma kaddara, kuma ba sa guda harafin protagonist na dukan aikin.

The labari, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da ɗan ƙasa da almara a Zangon da kuma kyautata manufofin ba haka mutane da yawa a gaba. A general, ajalin za a iya fassara a matsayin wani "prosaic cikakken labarin game da rayuwa na protagonist da ya kunsa." Saboda da kasancewa da versatility na Genre, ba shakka, shi ne mafi mashahuri a cikin wallafe-wallafe.

Ã'a m ra'ayi da labari ya yale shi ya rarraba wani iri-iri na ayyuka, wani lokacin matuƙa, daban-daban daga juna. Akwai wani ra'ayi na abin da ya faru na sabon abu a cikin tsufa ( "Satyricon" na Petronius, "Golden Eagle" Apuleius). More m ka'idar da zargin da labari a cikin shekaru jarumtan heyday. Ana iya reworked jama'a almara labari ko karami ( "Romance of Renard").

Ci gaban da Genre a cikin zamani zamanin. Yana kai da ganiya a cikin XIX karni. Sai a wannan lokaci don ƙirƙirar irin litattafansu kamar yadda Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, F. Dostoevsky. Ayyukan da karshen za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai m labari kamar Dostoevsky ya isa m Heights a cikin bayanin jihohin hankali, ji da kuma tunani na ya haruffa. Domin "m" series kuma za a iya kara Stendhal.

Sauran sub-nau'o'i: falsafa, tarihi, ilimi, da almarar, romance, kasada labari, Utopia, kuma haka a kan ..

Bugu da kari, akwai wata rarrabuwa na litattafan da kasa. Duk wadannan nau'o'i kamar almara. Haukan, salon da kuma yin amfani da harshen sanya Rasha, Faransa da kuma Amirka litattafan sosai daban-daban mamaki.

karami abubuwa

Bisa ga rarrabuwa da danginsu na adabi, da almara hada da wadannan nau'o'i - da labari da waka. Wadannan abubuwa biyu wakiltar m tsarin kula da kerawa tsakanin mawallafa.

Labarin daukan wani tsaka-tsaki matsayi tsakanin labari da kananan siffofin. Irin wannan aiki na iya rufe wani dan gajeren lokaci, akwai daya babban harafin. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin XIX karni a kasar mu kira novellas da gajejjeran labaru, kamar yadda irin wannan lokaci Rasha harshen da aka ba tukuna sani. A wasu kalmomin, tun da shi yana nufin wani samfurin cewa shi ne mafi ƙaranci daga cikin sharuddan da labari. A waje wallafe-wallafen zargi, misali, a cikin harshen Turanci, da kalmar "labari" ne synonymous tare da magana "a takaice labari» (short labari). A wasu kalmomi - wani gajeren labarin. A rarrabuwa na wannan wallafe-wallafen sabon abu ne kama da amfani tsakanin litattafan.

Idan labarin nufin da litattafan, a shayari layi daya da shi akwai mai waka, wanda kuma an dauke su da samfurin na da talakawan girma. Verse form hada da labari halayyar da sauran na almara, amma kuma yana da saukin recognizable fasali. Wannan hali nazari, da ƙawa, da mai juyayi da hali.

Irin wannan almara, misalai na wanda za a iya samu a da yawa daban-daban al'adu, ya haifar da dadewa. A irin tunani aya za a iya kira wani song lyric da almara hali kiyaye su, kamar a cikin wani nau'i na zamanin d Girkanci waka da nom. A kara irin wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu sun zama na hali na farkon na da Jamus da Scandinavian al'adu. Su kuma za a iya dangana, kuma epics, watau Rasha almara. A tsawon lokaci, da almara yanayin da labarin ya zama kashin bayan dukan salo. Waka da kuma Kalam - babban nau'o'i almara.

A zamani adabi, waka, labari ya hanya zuwa rinjaye matsayi.

kananan fom

La'akari da kananan almara nau'o'i. Idan marubucin ya nuna real events, kuma yana amfani da gaskiyane abu, irin wannan samfurin da aka dauke su wani muqala. Dangane da yanayin da abu yana iya zama m ko publicistic.

Almara nau'o'i da kuma hada hoto zane. Tare da irin wannan kwarewa, marubucin farko ta binciko tunani da kuma hali na gwarzo. Duniya kewaye da mu taka wata rawa sakandare, kuma ta bayanin shi ne batun da muhimman hakkokin matsala. Wani lokacin kira hoto da kuma sada bayanin bisa babban matakai na rayuwa daga cikin abu.

Idan hoto - wani m kwarewa, da matsala muqala an dauki bangare na aikin jarida. Wannan irin tattaunawa, wani zance da mai karatu a kan wani keɓaɓɓen batu. Marubucin aiki - don gano matsalar kuma su gabatar da nasu ra'ayoyi kan halin da ake ciki. Irin wannan rubutu ne cike da jaridu da kuma periodicals a general wani, saboda su zurfin da size ne gaba daya fit aikin jarida.

Ya kamata mu ma ambaci tafiya makala, wanda ya bayyana a gaban wasu, har ma da nuna a Rasha gargajiya wallafe-wallafe. Alal misali, wannan zane na Pushkin da "Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow" A. Radishcheva kawo shi m daraja. Da taimakon tafiya rubuce-rubuce marubucin yayi kokarin kafa nasa kwaikwayo abin da ya gani a kan hanya. Wannan shi ne abin da ke sa Radishchev, ba jin tsoro ya ce kai tsaye game da mummunan rayuwa na serfs da kuma ma'aikatan da suka hadu a cikin hanyar.

almara nau'o'i a cikin adabi da kuma gabatar da labarin. Wannan shi ne mafi sauki da kuma mafi m form duka biyu da marubucin da kuma karatu. The ayyukan Rasha adabi a cikin Genre na labarin sanya duniya shahara AP Chekhov. Duk da bayyana sauki, shi ne tare da kawai 'yan shafukan don ƙirƙirar karin hotunan da aka ajiye a cikin al'adun ( "The Man a wani Case", "lokacin farin ciki da na bakin ciki", da dai sauransu).

A labarin ne synonymous tare da Kalmar "labari", wanda ya zo daga Italian harshe. Kuma a sa'an nan, kuma wani ne a kan na karshe mataki na litattafan da kundinta (a cikin jerin bayan da labari da labarin). Writers wanda ya ƙware a cikin wannan salo, abin da ake kira halayyar cyclization, ko bazawa aiki a cikin latsa a yau yanayin, da kuma tarin.

Ga labarin ne halin da sauki tsarin: mãkirci, koli, denouement. A mikakke mãkirci ci gaba ne sau da yawa diluted tare da m twists ko events (abin da ake kira grand piano a cikin bushes). A irin wannan dabara ya zama wani taro ko a cikin adabi na XIX karni. Tushen na labarin - mai hikaya ko mutãne almara. Wallafa na mythical tãtsunãyõyin mutãnen zama forerunners wannan sabon abu. Alal misali, "A Dubu da Daya Nights" ya zama shahararren ba kawai a cikin Larabawa duniya, amma kuma ya gani da wasu al'adu.

Ne mafi kusanta zuwa farkon na Renaissance a Italiya ya zama m littafin "The Decameron" alkalami Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Yana da wadannan gajejjeran labaru, saita sautin ga classic irin labarin cewa ya zama na kowa bayan da Baroque lokaci.

A Rasha, da labarin Genre zama mai farin jini a lokacin da sentimentalism a karshen da XVIII karni, ciki har da ta hanyar aikin NM Karamzin, kuma VA Zhukovsky.

Almara matsayin mai zaman kanta Genre

A bambanci ga wallafe-wallafen yanayin da triad da kuma "drama, shayari, almara," akwai wani narrower lokaci, magana game da almara a matsayin labarin, da mãkirci na wanda aka ɗauke ta daga m baya. A wannan yanayin, shi ya hada da wani sa na images, kowanne daga abin halitta da kansa hoto na duniya, daban-daban daga kowace al'ada. A mafi muhimmanci wajen da aka buga a cikin irin ayyukan na kasa almara heroes.

Gwama biyu ra'ayoyi game da wannan sabon abu, ba za mu iya juya zuwa ga kalmomi daga cikin shahararrun Rasha Falsafa da al'adu gwani MM Bakhtin. Rabuwa almara daga m da da labari, sai ya kawo maki uku:

1. Subject na almara - kasa, da ake kira cikakkar baya, game da abin da babu wani takamaiman shaida. A epithet "cikakkar" da aka dauka daga cikin ayyukan Schiller kuma Goethe.

2. A source na almara - shi ne kawai da kasa al'adar, ba sirri gwaninta, daga abin da marubuta haifar da littattafai. Saboda haka, nau'o'i na jama'a epics dauke da m nassoshi da yanci da kuma allahntaka, don haka cewa akwai wani shirin da shaida.

3. almara duniya yana da kõme ba su yi tare da ba da mafi m daga gare shi.

Duk wadannan maki yi shi da sauki ga amsa tambaya game da abin da irin samfurin ko wani bangare na almara salo.

Genre Tushen ya kamata a nemi a gabas ta tsakiya. A al'adun sun taso tsakanin koguna Euphrates da Tigris, yana da mafi girma matakin na al'ada fiye da da makwabtanta. A namo na ƙasar, da ya faru na albarkatun, fitowan da cinikayya - duk wannan tasowa ba kawai da harshen, ba tare da wanda shi ba zai iya zama adabi, amma kuma ya halicci wani dalili na farko na soja rikici, da mãkirci na wanda shi ne tushen da jaruntakar ayyukansu.

A tsakiyar karni XIX Birtaniya archaeologists sun gano wani tsohon birnin Nineveh, wanda ya kasance daga Assuriyawa al'adu. Akwai ma lãka Allunan, dauke da 'yan warwatse labaru da aka samu. Daga baya suka gudanar da hada a daya samfurin - "Almara na Gilgamesh". Yana da aka rubuta a cuneiform, kuma aka a yau dauke da tsofaffin misali na salo. Dating ba ka damar kai wa XVIII - XVII ƙarni BC

A cibiyar ne mai labari tãtsũniyõyin demigod Gilgamesh da labarin da ya kamfen, kazalika dangantakar da sauran allahntaka halittu Akkadian mythology.

Wani muhimmin misali na tsufa, wanda ba ka damar amsa tambaya game da abin da nau'o'i ne almara - yana aiki na Homer. Biyu daga cikin almara waka - "The Iliad" da "Odyssey" - su ne mafi tsoho Monuments na zamanin d Girkanci al'adu da adabi. A haruffa na wadannan ayyuka - ba wai kawai cikin gumakan Olympus, amma kuma da mutum heroes, Legends wanda na ƙarni kiyaye jama'a almara. "Iliad" da "Odyssey" - prototypes na nan gaba na jaruntakar waqe na tsakiyar zamanai. Sun fi mayar daga juna gaji mãkirci na ginin, fata ya sufi labarin. Ya kara sabon abu ya kai ta matsakaicin ci gaba da kuma rarraba.

na da almara

Wannan kalma tana nufin farko almara, misalai na wanda za a iya samu a Turai a tsakanin Kirista ko arna wayewar.

Akwai kuma wani m shekara-shekara rarrabuwa. Da farko rabin - aikin farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Hakika, wannan saga, bar mana da Scandinavian al'ummai. Up zuwa XI karni, Vikings tanã gudãna Turai tekuna, farauta fashi, aiki a matsayin sojojin haya a sarakuna, ya kuma halicci nasu jihar a fadin nahiyar. Wannan alamar tushe, tare da arna bangaskiya da pantheon daga gumãka yarda ka bayyana a cikin irin Monuments na adabi, kamar yadda "Völsunga saga", "Saga na Ragner fata wando", da dai sauransu Kowane-sarki bar baya da wani jaruntakar labari. Mafi yawansu ba su tsira da mu sau.

Scandinavian al'ada ya rinjayi da makwabta. Alal misali, a cikin Anglo-Saxons. The waka "Beowulf" An halicci tsakanin Sabunta kuma X karni. 3182 Lines gaya ɗaukaka da Vikings wanda farko zama konung, sa'an nan kashi, dodo Grendel, da uwa tasa, da dragon.

Na biyu rabin nasa ne da zamanin ɓullo da feudalism. Wannan Faransanci "Song of Roland", da Jamusanci "Song na Nibelungs", da dai sauransu Abin mamaki shi ne cewa kowane yanki yana da wani ra'ayin na musamman ganewarsu na wani mutane.

Abin da nau'o'i suna kunshe a cikin almara na wannan zamani? Domin mafi part shi ne mai waka, amma akwai poetic ayyukan ƙwarai, a cikin abin da akwai wani bangare ne na rubuta harshen litattafan. Alal misali, shi ne na hali Dan Ailan tãtsũniyõyin ( "The Saga na Battle of mujalla Turied", "The Book of Irish nasarar", "Annals of hudu Masters", da dai sauransu).

A key bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ne sikelin da na da waqe nuna events. Idan Monuments da XII karni. yi magana game da dukan epoch, sa'an nan da shekaru ɓullo da feudalism abu labari zama na musamman taron (msl, da yaƙi).

Akwai da dama theories na asalin da "jaruntakar" art a na da Turai. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, wannan ya zama dalilin wani song a cikin Genre cantilenas kowa a cikin VII karni. Mataimaki na wannan ka'idar ya Gaston Paris - sanannen Faransa masanin tsakiyar zamanai. Cantilena kira kananan labaru game da wannan, ko da ya faru a tarihi, ya sa a kan wani sauki m tsarin (kagaggun vocal).

A tsawon shekaru, wadannan "crumbs" da aka hada zuwa wani abu mafi girma da kuma ra'ayin kowa. Alal misali, a cikin labari na King Arthur, kowa daga UK Celtic yawan jama'a. Saboda haka, kasa almara nau'o'i ƙarshe garwaya a cikin daya. A cikin hali na Arthur ya bayyana a litattafan "Breton sake zagayowar." Shiga cikin dukan batutuwa labarinsa, halitta a cikin gidajen lama. Tun Semi-mythical labarun juya a cikin wani rubuce gaskiya. Zagaye Table Knights har yanzu sa mai yawa muhawara a kan batun gaskiya da amincin.

A key dalilin da heyday na Genre a Kirista Turai na cewa zamanin dauke da fall na Roman Empire, fadada daga cikin baiwa tsarin da zargin feudalism, wanda aka dogara ne a kan aikin soja na overlord.

Rasha almara

Rasha almara samu da kansa lokaci a cikin harshen - "almara". Mafi yawansu ba su wuce a baki daga tsara zuwa tsara, da kuma waɗanda lists da suke a yau wakilci a gidajen tarihi da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa ga litattafan da kuma masu karatu, koma zuwa XVII - XVIII ƙarni.

Duk da haka, kasar almara nau'o'i a Rasha a heyday a cikin IX -. XIII ƙarni, watau kafin mamayewa na mangolawa. Kuma shi ne wannan zamanin nuna a mafi wallafe-wallafen ayyukan wannan irin.

Features almara Genre ta'allaka ne da cewa su ne a kira na Kirista da kuma al'adar arna. Sau da yawa irin wannan interlacing hana masana tarihi domin sanin for wasu yanayi na musamman hali na sabon abu.

Key haruffa na irin ayyukan - heroes - heroes na kasa almara. Musamman a fili aka nuna a cikin epics na Kiev sake zagayowar. Wani gama image - Prince Vladimir. Mafi sau da yawa, yana ba da shawara cewa a karkashin wannan sunan boyewa da Baftisma na Rus. Wannan, bi da bi, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wata muhawara da ta taso inda Rasha almara. Mai bincike yarda cewa epics aka halitta a kudancin Kievan Rus ', alhãli kuwa a Muscovy aka takaita a cikin' yan ƙarni.

Hakika, musamman wuri a cikin kasa da wallafe-wallafen pantheon daukan "Lay." Wannan abin tunawa daga zamanin d Slavic al'ada gabatar da ba kawai ga babban mãkirci - wani m yaƙin neman zaɓe a sarakunansa Polovtsian ƙasar, amma kuma ya} unshi jajircewar da image na duniya cewa kewaye da mazauna Rasha a cikin wadanda shekaru. Na farko shi ne mythology da kuma songs. Artwork takaita fasali na almara salo. Yana da muhimmanci "kalma" daga ra'ayi na harsuna.

rasa aikin

Raba tattaunawar cancanci a Legacy da baya, ba ya tsira zuwa yau. Dalilin shi ne sau da yawa m rashin wani rubuce kwafin littafin. Kamar yadda shi ne sau da yawa da labari wuce sauka baki a kan lokaci da suka sami wani yawa na rashin daidaito, da kuma musamman bad a duk manta. A yawa na waqoqi da aka rasa saboda m gobara, da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma sauran bala'i.

Ambaci rasa kaya daga baya za a iya samu a zamanin da kafofin. Saboda haka, Roman orator Cicero ko a ina karni BC Ya koka a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka irretrievably rasa bayanai game da almara heroes of birnin on bakwai tuddai - Romulus, Regula, Coriolanus.

Sau da yawa sosai rasa waqe a matattu harsuna, kamar yadda babu wani kafofin watsa labarai wanda zai iya aika da da al'adunsu da kuma adana memory da suka gabata, mutane. A nan ne kawai kananan jerin wadannan kabilu: turduly, Gauls, Huns, Goths, Lombards.

A Girkanci kafofin akwai nassoshi littattafai, da gaskensu abin da aka taba samu, ko kiyaye su a cikin wani ɓaɓɓake. Wannan "titanomachy", gaya mana game da yakin da gumakan da Titans kafin wanzuwar mutãne. A da shi, bi da bi, ya ambata a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Plutarch, wanda ya rayu a farkon mu zamanin.

Rasa da yawa daga kafofin na Minoan wayewa, da suke zaune a tsibirin Karita kusa da bace bayan wani m cataclysm. A musamman, shi ne labarin da sarautar sarki Minos.

ƙarshe

Abin da nau'o'i ne almara? Da fari dai, shi ne na na da da kuma zamanin da adabi, wanda da su ne bisa jaruntakar mãkirci kuma addini nassoshi.

Kamar yadda almara matsayin dukan - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin uku da wallafe-wallafen siffofin. Yana hada epics, litattafan, labarai, akwai kasidu, labarai, makala.