Mene ne folded duwãtsu: misalai. duwãtsu rarrabuwa

A surface na duniya arba'in cikin dari da aka rufe da duwatsun. Wannan nau'i na taimako, wakiltar wani kaifi Yunƙurin tsakanin sauran ƙasa, tare da gagarumin tadawa canje-canje - har zuwa dama kilomita. Wani lokaci daga duwatsu akwai kyawawan bayyana layi a gindin gangaren, amma mafi sau da yawa - na Shefela.

Nemo folded duwãtsu a kan taswira ne mai sauqi qwarai, saboda duwãtsu, kamar yadda irin wannan, akwai a ko'ina, a kan cikakken dukkan nahiyoyi, kuma ko da a kan kowane tsibirin. Wani wuri akwai karin wani wuri - kasa, kamar a Australia. A Antarctica da boyewa kankara Layer. A mafi (da ƙarami), da tsarin da duwãtsu - Himalayas, mafi tsawo - Andes, wanda budewa a fadin dukan Kudancin Amirka for bakwai da rabi kilomita dubu.

Ta yaya tsohon dutsen

Mountains - kamar yadda mutane, su ma na iya zama matasa, balagagge kuma tsohon. Amma idan mutane fiye da matasa, da more smoothly, sa'an nan duk hanyar da kewaye duwãtsu: m ƙasa, kuma high tsawo nuna wani matashi.

A tsohon duwãtsu da taimako da aka sawa, flattened, da tsawo ne ba irin wannan babban bambance-bambance. Alal misali, Pamir - matasa duwãtsu da Ural - haihuwa, shi ne wani katin show.

Halaye na taimako

Folded duwatsu akwai wani na game tsarin, amma ga mafi cikakken jarrabawa wajibi ne a san da ka'idodin da cewa sanya up general halaye na taimako. Wannan ya shafi ba kawai high duwãtsu, amma kuma a zahiri mita sabawa daga jihar na lebur kassai - abin da ake kira dutsen microrelief. A cikin ikon daidai rarraba da kuma dogara a kan daidai sanin abin da su ne manyan duwãtsu.

Ga shi wajibi ne don la'akari da irin abubuwa kamar yadda kafar, kwaruruka, gangara, moraines, wuce, ridges, kololuwa, glaciers, da kuma waɗansu da yawa, kamar yadda a cikin ƙasa akwai wani m iri-iri, ciki har da folded duwãtsu.

Nau'in na tsawo daga duwãtsu

Height za a iya classified a matsayin mai sauqi qwarai - duk uku kungiyoyin:

• Low duwãtsu da tsawo na ba fiye da a kilometer. Mafi sau da yawa wadannan su ne tsohon duwãtsu, halaka su da lokaci, ko sosai matasa, da aka hankali girma. Sun taso keya kololuwa, m gangara, inda itatuwa girma. Wadannan duwãtsu ne a kan kowane nahiyar.
• Midlands a tsawo daga dubu zuwa dubu uku mita. Ga wani, canza wuri mai faɗi, dangane da tsawo - abin da ake kira high-tsawo zone. Wadannan duwãtsu - a Siberia da kuma a cikin Far East, a cikin Apennine, a kan Yaren Kasar Larabawa, Scandinavia, da Appalachian Mountains, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.
• Tsaunuka - fiye da dubu uku mita. Yana da kullum matasa duwãtsu, da fallasa su weathering, sakamakon canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da kuma kankara girma. Halayyar siffofin: kududdufai - ƙullunku-dimbin yawa kwaruruka, Carling - kaifi kololuwa, glacial cirques - kamar bowls na zurfafa a kan gangara. Ga tsawon aka alama zones - gandun daji a gindin, kankara Hamada kusa da saman. A lokaci rungumar wadannan halaye, - "mai tsayi wuri mai faɗi". Alps - sosai matasa dutsen range, kazalika da Himalayas, da Karakoram, da Andes, da Rocky Mountains da sauran folded.

Nau'in zafi geographically

A Gwargwadon wuri na raba kayayyakin agaji a kan dutsen ridges, dutsen tsarin dutsen kungiyoyin, dutsen jeri kuma guda dutse. Daga cikin mafi girma abokai - mountainous zones: tsayi-Himalayan - fadin Eurasia, da Andean Cordillera, - in biyu nahiyar Amirka.

A kadan kasa - a mountainous kasar da aka sõyayya da yawa dutsen jeri. Bi da bi, da dutsen tsarin kunshi wani rukuni na duwãtsu, kuma ridges na wannan shekara, mafi sau da yawa shi ne folded duwãtsu. Misalai: Appalachian Mountains, Sangre de Cristo.

Mountains Group ne daban-daban daga cikin kewayon cewa ba matsayi da saman dogon, kunkuntar tsiri. Kadaitaccen guda duwãtsu ne mafi sau da yawa na volcanic asalin. Bisa ga irin kasu kashi a spiked kololuwa, Filato-kamar, Dome-dimbin yawa, da sauransu. Seamounts ne su kololuwa form tsibiran.

duwãtsu ilimi

Orogeny - wani hadadden na tafiyar matakai, a cikin abin da kankara aka niƙa a cikin folds. Mene ne folded duwãtsu, da aka sani zuwa ga masana kimiyya muhimmanci, kuma shi ke yadda suka zo - suna dauke ne kawai jarrabawa.

• Da farko jarrabawa - Oceanic ramuka. A map a fili ya nuna cewa duk da dutsen tsarin located a kan karkata daga cikin nahiyoyi. Saboda haka rock kasa m nahiyar teku kankara. Movement ciki da Earth kamar yadda idan squeezing nahiyar daga ta cikunna, kuma folded duwãtsu - An saki a kasa surface na ƙasar. Wannan ka'idar yana da yawa abokan adawar. Alal misali, folded duwãtsu - yana da Himalayas, wanda yake a fili ba kasa, tun da sun kasance a kasar. Kuma a kan wannan jarrabawa ba zai iya bayyana kasancewar cavities - geosynclinal kududdufai.
• Jarrabawa Leopold Kober, da ma'aunan kasa tsarin da ƙasarsa ta Alps. Wadannan matasa duwãtsu ba tukuna an hõre hallakaswa tafiyar matakai. An gano cewa manyan tectonic thrusts ɓullo da babbar strata sedimentary kankara. Alps tãtacce ta asalin, amma hanya ba kama da bayyanar da wasu duwatsu, zuwa amfani da wannan ka'idar ya daina iya babu inda.
• Gantali na nahiyoyi - mai Popular ka'idar, ma, an soki yadda ba bayyana dukan tsari na orogeny.
• Subcortical kwarara cikin Duniya sa nakasawa daga cikin farfajiya da kuma samar da wani dutse. Duk da haka, wannan jarrabawa ba a tabbatar da haka. A bambanci, mutãne ne ba tukuna sani, ko da sigogi kamar yawan zafin jiki na duniya ta ciki, da kuma more - da danko, fluidity da crystal tsarin zurfin dutse compressive ƙarfi da sauransu.
• A cikin jarrabawa na matsawa na Duniya - tare da kansa amfani ko rashin amfani. Ba mu san duniya accumulates zafi ko rasa shi idan rasa - wannan ka'idar ne m idan Stores - babu.

Menene duwãtsu

A kududdufai na ɓawon burodi tara dukan nau'i na sedimentary kankara, wanda sa'an nan crumpled da kuma yin amfani da volcanic aiki kafa folded duwãtsu. Misalai: Appalachian Mountains a kan gabas Coast na Arewacin Amirka, da Zagros Mountains in Turkey.

Block duwãtsu bayyana saboda tectonic sada ga laifuffukan a duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Kamar California - Sierra Levada. Amma wani lokacin riga ya kafa folded ba zato ba tsammani fara tashi tare da Laifi. Kamar wancan kafa ninka-block duwãtsu. A mafi hankula - Appalachian Mountains.

Wadanda duwãtsu da aka kafa a matsayin folded strata na kankara, amma m ƙaramin laifinsu cikin tubalan kuma har zuwa daban-daban Heights, ma, ninka-block. Tien-Shan, misali, kazalika da Altayskie.

Arched dutsen - shi arched tectonic karfafa da yashewa matakai a kan karamin yankin. Waɗannan su ne duwãtsu na Lake District a Ingila, kazalika da Black Hills, located in South Dakota.

Volcanic lawa kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar. Su ne iri biyu: volcanic Cones (Fujiyama, da kuma kamar) da kuma garkuwa volcanoes (kasa high kuma ba haka ba tsakaitã).

dutsen sauyin yanayi

A dutsen sauyin yanayi, ta sha bamban daga wani yanayi yankunan. Yanayin zafi sauke ta fiye da rabin wani mataki domin kowane ɗari mita tsawo. Iska, ma, shi ne yawanci sosai sanyi, taimaka m. M mahaukaciyar guguwa.

Tare da wani sa na tsawo da kuma barometric matsa lamba da aka saukar da. Everest, misali, zuwa 250 mm Hg. Ruwa tafasa a tamanin da shida digiri.

A mafi girma, da kasa da ciyayi cover don kammala ɓõye, kuma a glaciers da kuma dusar ƙanƙara iyakoki da kusan gaba daya ba a nan rayuwa.

Ƙirgar zones

Saboda da Laifi-tectonic analysis shi yiwuwa a yi azama cewa an folded duwãtsu, tare da sakamakon cewa su aka kafa da kuma yadda dangane da zurfin da planetary laifinsu. All - tsoho da kuma na zamani - dutsen yankunan suna kunshe a wasu mikakke zones wanda aka kafa kawai a biyu kwatance - arewa maso yammacin kuma arewa-maso-gabas, da maimaita shugabanci na zurfin laifinsu.

Wadannan belts ne fringed dandamali. Akwai dangantaka: musanya matsayi da kuma siffar na dandali canji da kuma waje siffar, da kuma fuskantarwa a sarari Musulunci belts. Lokacin da kafa zafi solves dukkan Laifi tectonics (tubalan) na wani crystalline tushe. Tsaye motsi na kafuwar tubalan samar da wata folded dutsen.

Misalai Carpathians ko Verkhoyanskaya-Chukotskaya yankunan nuna daban-daban na tectonic ƙungiyoyi a lokacin samuwar dutsen folds. A wannan halayyar ya faru da Zagros Mountains.

Sashen fasalin

A cikin duwatsu, ya bambanta kome - daga gine-gine da tsarin. Rocks, misali, wannan canji a cikin Rockies a ko'ina su tsawon. A arewacin - Paleozoic schists da limestones, da dai sauransu - kusa da Colorado - granites, igneous kankara tare da Mesozoic sediments. More kasa - a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare - volcanic duwatsu, wadda ne a arewacin sassa da basu wanzu. Guda juna zai bayyana, idan muka yi la'akari da yanki tsarin da yawa wasu dutsen jeri.

Suka ce cewa biyu m duwãtsu ba ya faru, amma volcanic massifs, misali, sau da yawa da jerin kama ãyõyi. A daidaitar da mazugi siffar da Japan da kuma Philippine volcanoes, misali. Amma yanzu mu fara wani cikakken yanki analysis, mun ga cewa da maganar ne quite dama. Mutane da yawa na kasar Japan ta volcanoes an hada da andesite (magma), da kuma Philippine kankara - basalt, yafi tsanani saboda babban abun ciki na baƙin ƙarfe. A Cascade Mountains na Oregon sun hada rhyolite volcanoes (silica).

samuwar lokacin da folded dutsen

Mountains ilimi a dukan tsari faru godiya ga ci geosynclines a daban-daban ma'aunan kasa lokaci, ko da a cikin zamanin nadawa kafin Cambrian. Amma da zamani duwãtsu ne kawai matasa (mun gwada magana, ba shakka) - Cenozoic karfafa. Mazan duwãtsu lokaci mai tsawo, kuma an baje sake tãyar da sabon tectonic canjawa a cikin nau'i na tubalan da kuma lambobin.

Arched-block duwãtsu - sau da yawa sake halitta. Su ne kamar yadda kowa a matsayin matasa, folded. Yau da taimako na Duniya - neotectonics. Za ka iya karatu da nadawa, tectonic Tsarin aka kafa, idan muka yi la'akari da shekaru bambanci daga duwãtsu, kuma ba a halitta da taimako na shi. Idan Cenozoic - shi kwanan nan, yana da wuya a tunani game da shekaru na farko dutsen tsarin.

Kawai volcanic duwãtsu iya girma up dama a idanunku - duk a cikin lokaci na shigowa. Eruptions sau da yawa faruwa a wannan wuri, saboda haka kowane yanki na lawa gina hau dutsen ba. A tsakiyar nahiyar aman wuta - a rarity. Sun ayan ta samar da wata dukan karkashin ruwa tsibirin, sau da yawa kafa wani baka da dama kilomita dubu dogon.

Kamar yadda ya mutu duwãtsu

Mountains iya tsaya har abada. Amma a kashe su, albeit sannu a hankali, a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da mutum rayuwa. Shi ne, na farko, sanyi, rock tsagawa a kananan guda. Kamar wancan kafa tarkace, wanda sa'an nan snow ko kankara rushe saukar, da gina moraine kunya. Shi ne ruwa - ruwan sama, snow, ƙanƙara - don su yi yaƙi da hanya ko ta hanyar irin wannan wata kafa dake raba bango. Ruwa tattara a cikin kogi, wanda gabatar da kansu curly tsakanin dutsen ridges na cikin kwari. A tarihin halakar da unshakable duwãtsu, ba shakka, shi ne tsawo, amma babu makawa. Kuma glaciers! Entire kakar, wani lokacin, gaba daya yanke da su.

Irin wannan yashewa rage duwãtsu, su juya su shiga karkara: wani wuri kore, tare da zurfin koguna, wani wuri yashe, yashi otshlifovyvaya duk sauran tuddai. A surface na Duniya da ake kira "peneplain" - kusan bayyana. Kuma dole in ce, wannan mataki ya auku sosai da wuya. Mountain haifi! Ɓawon burodi fara matsawa sake, da ƙasa ta fito, lokacin da na fara wani sabon lokaci na ci gaba da taimako.