Mene ne Japanese wasan kwaikwayo? Nau'in na Japan wasan kwaikwayo. Noh. Kyogen wasan kwaikwayo. kabuki gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Japan - m kuma na asali kasar, to san yanayi da kuma hadisai na wanda Turawa ne da wuya sosai. Don a manyan har wannan ne saboda da cewa har zuwa tsakiyar XVII karni, kasar da aka rufe a duniya. Kuma a yanzu, don jin da ruhun Japan, to san ta ainihi, shi wajibi ne don jũya zuwa art. An bayyana matsayin ko'ina al'adu da kuma zama na gaba na mutane. Daya daga cikin mafi tsufa kuma mafi sauko mana kusan canzawa Arts ne a Japan wasan kwaikwayo.

A tarihin Japan gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Japan wasan kwaikwayo tushen baya zuwa zamanin da. Game da daya da rabi da shekara dubu da suka wuce, a Japan, China, Korea da kuma India shiga rawa da music, kuma daga ɓangaren duniya zo zuwa addinin Buddha - wannan lokacin ne farkon haihuwar Theatrical art. Tun daga nan, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta wanzu a cikin gaba da kuma adana al'adun. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa Japan wasan kwaikwayo ƙunshi ko da wani ɓangare na zamanin d wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan zai iya taimakawa wajen kasar saboda da Hellenistic jihohin na Asia Ƙananan, kazalika da Indiya da China.

Kowane Theatrical Genre da suka zo daga zurfin ƙarni, ya rike asali dokokin da individuality. Saboda haka, da play playwrights na baya da kuma a yau suna sanya a kan wannan akida, da cewa mutane da yawa ƙarni da suka wuce. The bashi ga wannan nasa ne da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kansu, wanda adana da kuma aika da da tsofaffin al'adun ya dalibai (yawanci' ya'yansu) ta samar da wani aiki daular.

A haihuwa na wasan kwaikwayo

Haihuwar wasan kwaikwayo a Japan hade tare da fitowan a cikin VII karni pantomime Gigaku, wanda yake nufin - "yin zane-zane", da kuma Bugakov dance - "ma'adanin na dance." Daban-daban rabo daga wadannan nau'o'i. Gigaku har karni na goma, aka gudanar da mataki sinimomi, amma ba zai iya gasa tare da karin hadaddun nau'o'i na pantomime da aka ƙwace daga gare su. Amma Bugakov kashe a yau. A farko, wadannan ra'ayoyi sun shiga Haikali bukukuwa da kuma backyard bikin, sa'an nan kuma suka yi da su na yin akayi daban-daban, da kuma tsira da Yunƙurin da ya tsirfanta har ma fiye da shahararsa bayan da maido da ikon, wannan salo na Japan wasan kwaikwayo.

A bisa ga al'ada da wadannan iri Japan wasan kwaikwayo: amma nogaku ko yi nufi ga aristocracy. Kabuki gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kowa mutane, da kuma Bunraku - yar tsana gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

Traditional Japan wasan kwaikwayo a yau

A cikin sabon lokaci a Japan buga Turai art, ya kuma inganta zamani wasan kwaikwayo. Mun fara bayyana m misali na Yammacin-style wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, rawa. Amma gargajiya Japan wasan kwaikwayo ya gudanar ya kare da wuri, kuma ba rasa shahararsa. Kada ka yi zaton cewa shi ne maras lokaci rarity. A 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masu sauraro - real mutane. A hankali canza maslahar su, dandani, illa tsinkaye. Babu makawa, shigar azzakari cikin farji na zamani yayi a kafa da kuma kunno kai wasan kwaikwayo nau'i na ƙarni. Saboda haka, rage lokaci na biyayya, ya paced mataki sped up, saboda yau a cikin masu sauraro ba su da yawa lokaci don kallo, kamar yadda shi ne idan a tsakiyar zamanai. Rayuwa nuna da kansa dokoki, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a hankali gyara a karkashin su.

Wasan kwaikwayo aristocracy amma

Haife wasan kwaikwayo amma a cikin karni na XIV kuma ya kasance mai mashahuri a cikin aristocracy da samurai. Da farko, shi aka nufi kawai ga babba aji na Japan.

Tasowa domin mutane da yawa ƙarni, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya zama na kasa al'adar, kwasfa cikin zurfin falsafa da kuma ma'ana cikin ruhaniya. Da shimfidar wuri shi sauki, da mayar da hankali ne a kan mask, wanda ya jaddada muhimmancin da kuma cikin kimono. Kimonos da masks ake daukar kwayar cutar zuwa kowace makaranta daga tsara zuwa tsara.

A yi shi ne kamar haka. Shite (babban harafin) a karkashin sauti na da sarewa, ganguna da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa gaya labarin wani m rayuwa da kuma fadace-fadace, nasarori da kuma kashi, makasa da kuma sufaye, wanda heroes ne ruhohi da kuma mutãne misã, alloli da aljanu. The labari lalle kasancewa wani tsaoho harshe. Amma - mafi m salo na Japan gargajiya wasan kwaikwayo. Dalilin shi ne mai zurfi falsafa ma'anar ba kawai masks kansu, amma kuma na duk cikakkun bayanai na gabatar, da cewa suna da wani sirri ma'anar, domin fahimtar samuwa ne kawai nagartaccen masu sauraro.

Theatrical yi yana uku da rabi zuwa biyar hours da kuma hada da dama kwaikwaiyo, wanda alternated da raye-raye da kuma miniatures daga rayuwar talakawa mutane.

amma masks

Amma - Japan wasan kwaikwayo masks. Masks ba daura da wani musamman rawa, su ana amfani da su kai tausaya. A tare da tare da m ayyuka na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma music ƙirƙirar musamman yanayi na mask gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tokugawa zamanin. Ko da yake, a duban farko, yana da wuya a yi imani da cewa a mask amma kada ku bauta wa aika da motsin zuciyarmu. Ji na bakin ciki da farin ciki, da fushi da kuma tawali'u ne ake halittawa saboda da play na haske, da karami na gangara daga cikin actor ta kai, murya mawaka songs kuma music.

Sha'awa, da daban-daban da makarantu don amfani da wannan wakilci daban-daban kimonos da masks. Akwai masks cewa ana amfani da wasu matsayin. Yau, akwai game da ɗari biyu masks cewa sun tsira to mu kwana da kuma sanya na Japan cypress.

gabatar amma

Wasan kwaikwayo amma dan hanya zuwa hakikanci da kuma gina more on da tunanin da masu sauraro. A kan mataki, wani lokacin ma tare da shimfidar wuri, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yi m ayyuka. Character sa kawai kamar wata matakai, amma a cikin magana, gestures da choral masu raka itace cewa da ya zo dogon hanya. Biyu haruffa tsaye gefe da gefe, na iya ba lura juna har suna fuskantar junã.

Babban abu na wasan kwaikwayo amma - gestures. Ishãra hada duka biyu wadanda suke da wani daraja, kazalika da wadanda ke amfani da saboda kyakkyawa da ba kawo wani ma'anar. Na musamman sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo watsa shirun da rashin motsi. Unsophisticated kallo ne mai wuya a fahimta a cikin wani lokacin kamar cewa ke faruwa a kan mataki.

kyogen Theater

Japan kyogen wasan kwaikwayo bayyana kusan lokaci guda tare da wasan kwaikwayo amma, duk da haka da yawa daga shi ne bambanta da ta batu da kuma style. Amma - Drama, kuma irin abubuwan da sha'awa. Kyogen - farce comedy, cike da sauki jokes, datti kuma komai girman kai. Kyogen sauki fahimta duk ma'anar daga cikin play da kuma ayyuka na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba su da decipher. A bisa ga al'ada kyogen interlude wasanni ne Theatrical wasanni amma.

A sharhin da ya hada da wasan kwaikwayo kyogen taka XV-XVI ƙarni. Shi ne game da ɗari biyu da sittin da ayyuka da mawallafa wadanda akasarinsu ba a sani ba. Har zuwa karshen na XVI karni guda da aka wuce daga fuska da fuska, daga malami zuwa dalibi kuma ba a rubuta a kan takarda. Kawai a karshen da XVII karni fara bayyana da rubuta kafofin watsa labarai.

A kyogen akwai wani sarari rarrabuwa da plays:

• na abũbuwan bautawarku.
• na mulkin gargajiya lyãyengiji.
• mata;
• na mugayen ruhohi, kuma haka a. n.

Akwai productions a cikin abin da kananan matsalolin iyali alama. Suka buga a kan impermanence na maza da kuma mata da ha'inci. Mafi yawa daga cikin plays duqufar da bawa mai suna Taro.

Kyogen haruffa ne talakawa mutane a wadanda rayuwarsu kome ya faru musamman muhimmanci. A farkon wasa da masu sauraro wakilci duk haruffan. Wasan kwaikwayo 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasu kashi kungiyoyin: babban - shite, na biyu - Ado, manyan - Coady, na huɗu darajar - chure da biyar da darajar - Tomo. The most makarantu mãsu aiki Kyogen Izumi da Okura. Duk da cewa amma suna da alaka da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kyogen domin wadannan sinimomi an shirya dabam.

Salo Japan kyogen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na samar da iri uku kayayyaki:

• Mr;
• bãyinSa.
• mata.

Duk da kayayyaki suna sanya a cikin fashion na farkon na XVI, kuma XVII karni. Wani lokaci a mask iya amfani da Theatrical wasanni. Amma wannan ba ya rufe fuska amma nuna motsin zuciyarmu - wannan ne mask fassara da rawar da wani hali: tsõhuwa, wani tsohon mutum, da wata mace, aljan, Allah, dabbobi da kwari.

Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar da sauyawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo kyogen, kuma kwaikwaiyo da ya fara da za a yi da kansa, kuma ba kawai a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma wakilci.

Kabuki - Theater haikali dancer

Kabuki gabatar da aka asali tsara don kowa da kowa. Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo bayyana a farkon na Tokugawa lokacin da ake dangantawa da sunan Haikali dancer da 'yar wani maƙeri Izumo ba Okuni.

Yarinya a XVII karni, koma Kyoto, inda ta fara yin al'ada raye-raye a kan bankunan na kogin da kuma a cikin zuciya na babban birnin kasar. A hankali ya fara shigar da sharhin na romantic da kuma na batsa raye-raye da kuma masu kida shiga cikin gabatar. A tsawon lokaci, da shahararsa ta wasanni ta karu. Perch sauri gudanar ya hada da jawabai dances, ballads, waqoqi cikin guda naúrar, da samar da wani Japan Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo. A zahiri, da sunan wasan kwaikwayo ne da aka fassara a matsayin "ma'adanin na tsarkakewa da kuma dancing." A wannan lokaci, kawai 'yan mata halarci da ra'ayoyi.

A shahararsa na wasan kwaikwayo girma, sau da yawa m mazauna babban birnin kasar ya fara fada cikin soyayya tare da kyau rawa na nagartattu. Gwamnati na wannan Jihar harkokin bai so, musamman saboda soyayya na actress fara shirya ta faɗa. Wannan, kazalika da overly m raye-raye da kuma al'amuran sun kai ga cewa hukuncin da aka zarar bayar da ban a mata a da ra'ayoyi. Saboda haka, onna kabuki mace wasan kwaikwayo daina wanzuwa. Kuma a kan mataki ya namiji Japan wasan kwaikwayo - Kabuki Vacas. Wannan haramta shafi dukan Theatrical wasanni.

A tsakiyar XIX karni, hukuma hukuncin da aka soke. Duk da haka, hadisin na yi dukan ayyuka a cikin misali na maza ya zauna ga wannan rana. Saboda haka, canonical Japan wasan kwaikwayo - namiji Japan wasan kwaikwayo.

Kabuki yau

A ranar, da Japan Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo ne mafi mashahuri na gargajiya ban mamaki zane-zane. Actors wasan kwaikwayo da aka sani a kasar da kuma sau da yawa kira su zuwa ga TV da kuma movie harbi. Mata matsayin a da yawa troupes aka sake yi da mata. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani dukkan-mace wasan kwaikwayo kungiyoyin.

Jigon da Theatrical wasanni na kabuki

Kabuki embodies da dabi'u na Tokugawa lokaci, sun samar da tushen ga labaru. Wannan, misali, dokar da adalci, wanda na aiwatuwa a cikin addinin Buddha ra'ayin albashin sha wahala mutum kuma lalle azãbar villain. Har ila yau, Buddhist ra'ayin transience na duniya a lokacin da highborn iyali, ko iko da shugabannin kasa. A zuciya na cikin rikici iya sau da yawa karya karo na ka'idodinta Confucianism a matsayin nauyi, wajibi, taƙawa, da kuma na sirri bukatun.

Kayan shafa da kuma kayayyaki kamar yadda zai yiwu wasan da matsayin yi da actor. Mafi sau da yawa, da kayayyaki dace fashion zamanin Tokugawa, mafi m da stylized. Masks a cikin wasanni ba su yi amfani da su don maye gurbin wuya-da kayan shafa, nuna abun ciki na rawa. Har ila yau, a duba da ake amfani da wigs, wanda ake classified bisa ga matsayi a al'umma, shekaru da kuma zama na haruffa.

bunraku Theater

Bunraku - Japan yar tsana gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Wani lokaci yana ko da kuskure kira jōruri. Jōruri - da sunan wasan kwaikwayo Bunraku yi da kuma a lokaci guda da sunan daya daga cikin tsana, da m gimbiya. Yana da wani Ballad game da heroine fara wasan kwaikwayo. Da farko ya kasance ba 'yar tsana, kuma singing songs of yawo sufaye. A hankali misali shiga cikin mawaƙa, da masu sauraro fara nuna hotuna, wanda aka nuna haruffa. Daga baya, wadannan hotunan juya a cikin tsana.

A mafi muhimmanci wasan kwaikwayo ne gidayyu - Reader, daga abin da ya dogara da nasarar duk fasaha yi. Reader ba kawai aikin monologues da kuma hirar, kuma ya aiki ne don en da zama dole sauti, noises, squeaks.

By tsakiyar XVII karni kafa babban canons na m wasanni da kuma karatun a bunraku, amma tsana na dogon lokaci su gaba da canjawa. A tsawon lokaci, akwai wata 'yar tsana da dabara mutane uku management. Japan Bunraku wasan kwaikwayo yana da wani dogon hadisi na yin tsana. Ba su da jiki, shi ne maye gurbinsu da wani rectangular katako, frame, juya filaments don sarrafa kai, hannunwansa da ƙafafunsa. Bugu da ƙari, kafafu na iya zama kawai namiji tsana har ma sai ba ko da yaushe. A cikin firam yana sa a mahara yadudduka na tufafi, wanda ya bada girma da kuma kama da mutum adadi. Kai, hannaye da, idan ya cancanta, da kafafu ne m, kuma an sanya a kan frame, idan ya cancanta. Hannuwansu da ƙafãfunsu suke da matukar mobile da aka sanya don haka da cewa 'yar tsana iya ko motsa yatsa.

yar tsana iko fasahar kasance iri guda, albeit inganta, - da uku 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne da ake bukata a yi amfani da daya yar tsana, da tsawo daga wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na' yan adam girma. Actors, bã su fakuwa daga jama'a, kuma suna da gaskiya akwai a fage, suna ado a baki masks da gowns. Black yana ma Backstage, mataki backdrop labule da wani dandali da masu kida. Da wannan bango tsaya fita fili ya kafa da kuma tsana a m riguna da kuma fentin a fari hannuwansu da fuskoki.

Babban jigo na wasan kwaikwayo Bunraku ne image na karo na ji da kuma haraji, "nauyi" da "ninja." A cikin tsakiyar labarin ne wani mutum da aka bai ji, burinsu, so su ji dadin rayuwa. Duk da haka, shi ya hana a ra'ayin jama'a, bashi, zamantakewa da kuma halin kirki norms. Ya na da su yi abin da ba ya so. A sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin wajibi da kuma na sirri tsammãni take kaiwa zuwa bala'i.

Theatrical inuwa

Shadow wasan kwaikwayo yana da nasa tushen a cikin tsufa. A wurin da ya faru aka dauke su Asia da kuma mafi girma ci gaba da shi ya samu a kasar Sin. Shi ne daga can ya zo da Japan inuwa wasan kwaikwayo.

Da farko, da wakilci amfani Figures yanke daga takarda ko fata. Scene aiki a matsayin wani katako, frame, an rufe shi da farin zane, bayan da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo iko Figures da waƙa. Amfani da directional haske nuna a kan allon, adadi haruffa.

Shadow wasan kwaikwayo a daban-daban gundumomi da ta Figures da iri repertoire yi songs.

wasan kwaikwayo ose

Ose - gargajiya Japan comic wasan kwaikwayo. Ya aka haife shi a XVII karni, kuma na farko da gabatar da aka shirya a karkashin bude sararin sama. Amma tare da shahararsa na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara bayyana musamman gida domin irin wannan wakilci - oseba.

Kwaikwaiyo na wasan kwaikwayo kasance a cikin salo Rakugo - satirical ko na ban dariya da labaru, ko da yaushe tare da wani m na karshe, cike da puns da barkwanci. Mun ci gaba da wadannan labaru na labarbaru halitta rakugoka - sana'a Hadisi.

Ado a cikin wani kimono artist zaune a tsakiyar na scene a kan matashin kai, a hannun saba tawul da kuma fan. labari heroes sun mutane na daban-daban azuzuwan, labarin theme ba hananna ba. Canzawa ne kawai sa'an nan cewa labaru sun funny, alaka siyasa, m, Topical da kuma tarihi yanayi.

Mafi yawa daga cikin labarun da aka halitta a cikin Edo lokacin da Meiji lokaci, don haka kadan saba wa zamani masu sauraro da aka bayyana a hanya hadisai, hanyar rayuwa da kuma matsaloli. A dangane da wannan dama 'yan wasan kwaikwayo rakugo rubuta satirical labarai a kan halin yanzu al'amurran da suka shafi kansu.

Wani salo ose dauke manzai. Wannan comic tattaunawa, saiwoyinsa a cikin gargajiya Sabuwar Shekara ta gabatar, tare da singing, dancing, kuma mukaddashin fitar da comedy al'amuran. A hankali manzai hada da abubuwa na slapstick, wasan kwaikwayo na kida da sauran nau'o'i da cewa sanya shi har ma fiye da rare da kuma yarda don samun on TV.

Wasan kwaikwayo ose gabatar da nau'o'i nanivabusi (a irin Ballad) da kuma Code (art karatu). Codan ne a labarin, wanda ta dogara ne a kan wasan kwaikwayon na itinerant artists. The asali taken labarun (yakin sau da) kumbura, kuma ta hada da iyali rikice-rikice, lawsuits almara alƙalai, siyasa da suka faru, sabon abu aukuwar a cikin rayuwar talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Duk da haka, ba duk batutuwa suna karfafa da hukumomi. wasanni sukan ko haramta.

Synopsis

Traditional Japan Theater - multicolored da hadaddun duniya wanda abubuwa ne 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, masks, kayan ado, kayayyaki, da kayan shafa, tsana, dancing. Duk wannan Forms musamman da unrepeatable m duniya na Japan Theatrical art.