Mene ne na biyu sunan Troy?

A tarihin faduwar Troy, aka azabtar da wani insidious Odyssey, sanar da mu daga manhaja - kuma ba a kan tarihi da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Homer, daya daga cikin tsofaffin litattafansu samfurori, ya gaya labarin yaki, wanda a cikin sa mai girma birnin da aka halaka, da mazaunanta - aka kashe ko bautar. Wani sunan Troy a Girkanci mythology - Ilion (Saboda haka, a gaskiya, da sunan sanannen ayyukansu: "Iliad").

A labari na asalin gari

A cewar labari, birnin da aka kafa laka - sarki na farko daga cikin Trojan da wani m pedigree: uwar shi da nymph. Wata rana sai ya tafi zuwa ga wasan da kuma ci su da yaƙi, maimakon na samun kofin da lambar yabo hamsin bayi na biyu mata da maza, da kuma (m mamaki) da saniya. A can ciki gaya masa ya gina wani birni inda dabba ya zaunar - Il aikata.

A cewar labari, a cikin hanyar albarkar da abũbuwan a ƙofar alfarwa sarauta daga sama da kika aika wani katako, mutum-mutumi na Athena. Daga baya Il gina a cikin girmamawa ga aljanna daga cikin Haikali, da kuma haikalin wanzu (albeit yayyanke) for ƙarni.

Legends da kuma kimiyya shiriritar

Dole ne in ce cewa da sanarwa cewa, na biyu sunan Troy - Ilion, a cikin kimiyya mahallin, ba ya duba wasu. Babu shakka cewa wannan birni ya. Evidence da wannan, kuma da camfin da kuma Tarihi da makwabta, da kuma ladabi da cewa an ciyar da shi daban-daban mutãnen farkon (Farisa, misali). A fili, wannan birni ya sosai iko da kuma m, amma masana tarihi har yanzu raba da Ilium na "Iliad" (Magana game da bayanai yanki camfin da labarai), kuma kai tsaye, zuwa ga birnin gaske wanzu a zamanin da.

Kwatanta daban-daban kafofin, shi za a iya zaci cewa mazauna ya bayyana kusan a cikin 3rd Millennium BC. A fili yake cewa abin dogara da bayanai a kan ta exact location, salon da sauransu. D. Yanzu samun quite wuya (idan ba zai yiwu ba). Musamman cewa shaidun "rikita batun game da shaida," kuma kawai samar da ƙarin abinci ga zargin sabon shiriritar.

buxe ideas

Akwai, misali, da version bisa ga abin da Ilion - ba wani sunan na birnin Troy, da kuma babban birnin kasar (a gaskiya, saboda Troy - wannan jiha). Wasu kafofin da'awar cewa a gaskiya an impregnable dutse, sung by Homer, bã kõme ba ne amma Konstantinoful: cewa Sarkin sarakuna Constantine ya yanke shawarar gina wani "sabon Roma" "a shafin na zamanin d Ilium", wanda ke dauke da haifuwa daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ta madawwamin City (ku tuna "Aeneid" Virgil). Saboda haka, shi dai itace cewa da zamani sunan Troy - Istanbul? Ko dai. Marubuta daga cikin jarrabawa ke mayar saukar: fili daga baya ya canja tunaninsa da kuma Constantine ya koma ya babban birnin kara zuwa tsohon Rum.

Sauran kafofin suna yin zato cewa, a matsayin na biyu sunan Troy - Ilion, da Urushalima - Elia (Elia, Ilion) Capitolina, shi ne quite yiwu cewa wannan shi ne daya da kuma guda birni, kawai ya kira shi dan kadan daban-daban saboda da yanayin gida yaruka . Version ne da ɗan yawon buxe ido hali, amma ita ma ta na da mabiya.

Saboda haka suna da a kalla wata dama ra'ayin cewa wani sunan na Troy - FC. Wannan ƙarshe ya busa a cikin farkon 90-ies karni na karshe da kuma dogara ne a kan wasu kamance sung labarin baki daban-daban al'ummai al'adu. Duk da haka, da kimiyya duniya ba dariya a kan wannan ka'idar.

hujjojin kimiyya

Idan muka dubi facts, ka ambata biyu sunayen Troy kuma a zamanin d archives na Bahitte sarakuna. Wannan tushen ne quite tarihi da kuma kimiyya. Amma a cewar wadannan takardu, shi ya ba da wannan, da kuma biyu daban-daban birane. Amma kuma: unanimity kamar yadda babu kuma babu. A ƙarshe, ba da gaskiya cewa tsoho Hittiyawa nufi daidai da abin da suke so a karanta ta zamani masana tarihi.

Duk da "rikice da kuma vacillation" a cikin ilimi duniya, mafi tartsatsi ne version, wanda ya furta cewa:

• events aka bayyana a cikin zamanin da aiki, sun faru.

• wani sunan na birnin Troy - Ilion.

• Yana da aka located daidai inda nuna Homer ( "Iliad" in general m cikakken aiki - daya kawai jerin Greek jiragen ruwa da daraja).

Goyon baya na ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi

Babu dalilin (da babba) imani da cewa impregnable sansanin soja, bayyana a zamanin d waka, aka gano a 1970 da kayan tarihi Heinrich Schliemann goyon baya. A wasu rabo daga jama'a da aka karkata shi zuwa girmamã: Kada ku ji tsoron hukuma, kada ku ce, idan taron da kuma yankin da aka bayyana a cikin "Iliad" - babu fiye da wani labari, inda ya samu izinin tone kuma har yanzu samu burbushi na wani tsoho mazauna kusa da tudun Hissarlik, a kan ƙasa na Ottoman Empire (yanzu! - Turkey).

Special Ilimi Schliemann da ba, kuma amma ya kasance wani m fan na makafi mawãƙi ne. Saboda Maraice karatu "The Iliad" a cikin zuciya na da yaron a farkon yara da aka rubũtacce sunan Troy: in ba haka ba shi yiwuwa a bayyana cewa a kasuwa, a haifi 'ya'ya uku, wani mutum ya ba matasa tafi a search na gari, a cikin abin da' yan yi ĩmãni ya wanzu.

Biography na mai son tarihi - shirye rubutun ga Hollywood movie: haifa a cikin iyali na da matalauta, firist, a cikin m kauye a kan Yaren mutanen Poland-German iyaka, Schliemann sanya 'yan jihohi, dandana yawa Kasadar, ya a Rasha, an yi aure zuwa wani rashin kauna mace wanda ya bar ta, tafi na neman mafarki, na kuma sadu da wani sabon so: matasa Greek mace Sofia. Yana da aka ta lovely kai, yatsunsu kuma wuyansa ya yi wa ado da m diadems, necklaces da zobba samu a tono. Fiye da 10 000 abubuwa na zinariya! Shi ne mai real taska.

Gold - mai duhu abu ...

A rabo daga 'yan m taskõkin. Schliemann ya Finds (duk ko sãshen, Allah ya sani) a cikin Berlin Museum, inda su ne a amince kuma ya bace a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Akwai kafofin da suka ce, ko zinariya da aka gano bayan da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a Rasha, wanda ke nufin cewa a jihar gidajen tarihi (musamman hermitage) ya gabatar batutuwa da suka halarta da ci gaba na gari, sung a babban Homer.

Schliemann ya sosai sa'a: kokarinsa ya gaza. Duk da haka, yanzu shi ne hõre mai tsanani zargi: da tono da za'ayi, za mu ce, da ɗan hanya dabbanci. A kan hanyar zuwa gano m sami Schliemann "rushe" bakwai (!) Al'adu yadudduka na zamanin d wayewar, kusan ba tare da noticing shi, kuma ba su ma samu zuwa kasa "da zuciya", da kuma tsaya a penultimate matakin. Kada ka ce wani abu, "lafiya" aiki.

painstaking bincike

Daga baya archaeologists (ba yan koyo da kuma kwararru), tarar kamar yadda mutane da yawa kamar tara yadudduka alternated karni, birnin fadi zuwa cikin lalata, shi wadãta - da kowane lokaci da ya bar ta alama a gaba na da Aegean Sea.

A farkon kasancewar wannan shiri yiwuwa shi da wani sunan daban: birnin Troy kanta a cikin 3rd Millennium BC. e. Akwai har yanzu iya ba. Origin Culture Layer gano archaeologists wakilci mazauna diamita kawai ɗari mita. Domin ta lokacin, an da garu, wajen m tsarin, wanda aka rushe, da aka yi ĩmãni a yi a wuta.

Schliemann excavated Layer ne kamar haka, da kuma Dates baya ga na uku Millennium BC. Ganin cewa Trojan War, ta zamani, masana tarihi nema karshen na biyu gano kawai ba zai iya homegrown tarihi kayayyakin gargajiya da lãbãri ga heroes na "Iliad", kamar yadda mazan na abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana ta a kalla shekara dubu. Amma "Troy yawan biyu", lalle an halaka su a lokacin yaki: wannan, bisa ga masana kimiyya, ya nuna hali na halaka su.

Kan gaba biyar ƙarni, birnin zai fi yiwuwa ba musamman fice. Masana kimiyya sun gano wani alama na ci gaba, amma samu wata shaida na rage daraja. Abu ne mai wuya "Troy ta lambar uku, hudu, biyar," shi ne daidai m birni da cewa ya fadi ta hanyar wayo Odysseus - dangantaka da tsawon kasancewar Troy a yawan shida da bakwai da haka, abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana a cikin "Iliad."

Tono sun saukar da ragowar sararin garu fadar gina a wannan lokaci, ganuwar 4-5 mita lokacin farin ciki. Babu shakka cewa tsakanin shekara 1800-1025 BC. e. tsoho Ilion (idan ka har yanzu yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne karo na biyu da sunan birnin Troy) wadãta kuma wallowed a alatu. Kuma bari ganuwar Troy, yawan 6 ba a halakar da dan Adam, da kuma wani bala'in girgizar kasa, ta zamani, malamai sun karkata zuwa imani da cewa yaki, wanda a cikin sa mai girma kagara fadi, yana nufin wannan (1800-1250 gg.) Ko gaba (1250-1025 gg.) Period .

Romance da matsananci gaskiya

A poetic gabatar da dalilin abkuwar wannan hadari shi ne kyakkyawan mace (kuma idan ka matsayi a matsayin weaker jima'i, da kuma ko alloli ne, shi ne ba daya ba, amma hudu). A cewar labari, da Trojan prince Paris da (wanda, ga wasu m daidaituwa, shi ma wani makiyayi), su ne uku iko mazauni na Olympus: Aphrodite, Hera da Athena tare da bukatar tantance mafi kyau daga gare su.

The saurayi iya ba shirya, sa'an nan allahiya fara miƙa shi duk mai kyau cin hanci da rashawa, a fili, a kan mutãne. Wani wa'adi da ikon, wani - wani rabo a cikin soja kasuwanci, da kuma allahiya na soyayya, alkawarai na ni'ima, da mafi kyau na mata.

By wani m daidaituwa, "rashawa" da aka yi aure zuwa Spartan sarki, amma cewa bai dakatar da gwarzo. Ya sace matar Menelaus, wanda, da goyan bayan masõya, ta kaddamar da yaki a kan uba na Paris, kewaye da birnin Ilium (Troy biyu suna).

Cynical zamani masu bincike yi imani da cewa soyayya layi - maganar banza: mafi m, a cikin hanyar sabani fara kudi da kuma tasiri a cikin yankin (kamar ko da yaushe). A kai tsaye hannu na gumãkanku, kuma, babu fiye da wata almarar. Amma a cikin bayanin yankin, "Iliad" da kuma rayuwa shirin na birnin shi ne musamman m.

Mulkin da tunanin

Zai yiwu bayani ne mai sauki: bayan Troy ta lambar 7 da aka hallaka da yaki, bayan 2.5 karni shi ya fara sake zuwa zauna Helenawa - wannan lokaci da gaskiya aiki na Homer. Yana bai dauki lokaci mai yawa, ragowar na tsohon birnin sun kasance mun gwada "sabo ne". Marubuci na almara ya fi sauƙi ga ƙulla almarar zuwa gaskiya, kamar yadda sakamakon wani "karo na wayewar" yana tare da shi, za ka iya ce a gaban idanun. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance a gaskiya, za mu taba sani ba.

Wannan shi ne labarin - part almara, real wurare - da birnin, da amo mara sa a daga wanda yawa tsira godiya ga wani m tsoho Greek al'adu. Dole ne in shigar da cewa, idan ta kasance ba makafi marubuci (wanda marubucinsa kuma an jefa shakka), shi ne iya cewa duka na farko da na biyu sunan Troy taba a sunk zuwa gushewa (ko, a kalla, zai zama ban sha'awa kawai kunkuntar da'irar kwararru) .

Abin farin, shi ya faru ta wata hanya. The m birnin da bakin ciki rabo mamaye zukatan mutane fiye da biyu millennia. Lalle ne ko da idan Troy ya ba ta kasance, lalle shi haƙĩƙa kamata ƙirƙirarru.