Mene ne "Ruby" (Ruby)? Da shirye-shirye da harshen "Ruby"

A lokacin, akwai mutane da yawa da shirye-shirye da harsuna, kowanne daga abin yana da halaye da dokoki. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali a kan daya daga cikinsu.

A tarihin Ruby harshe

Ruby a matsayin shirye-shirye da harshen ya kusa ga mai dogon lokaci. Aiki a kan ta farko edition wannan musamman rare harshen yau Dates baya 1993 da kuma na farko na aikin version ne daga 1995. Mahaliccin da harshen, Yukihiro Matsumoto, an goyon baya shirye-shirye tun daga zamanin da dalibi jiki, amma da ra'ayin samar da nasu kayan aiki da ya bayyana da yawa daga baya. To, me ke haka ƙwarai game da wannan shirye-shirye da harshen cewa a yau ya mamaye wani abu matsayi a duniya mataki na software inganta?

Ruby shirye-shirye da harshen - shi ne mai fassara high-matakin da harshen da tsauri bugawa da kuma zaman kanta Runtime aiwatar da multithreading. Yana yana da wani datti haraji, da kuma a kan ƙayyadaddu na ginin kalma da shi mafi hankali approximates zuwa harsuna kamar Perl. Tare da ci gaban da al'ummar yanayin kasa, wannan dandali ma aro da yawa daga Smalltalk, Python, guragura da sauran shirye-shirye harsuna. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga wanzuwar kuma bunkasuwar ne da cewa harshen "Ruby" da kuma ta aiwatar ne gaba daya free. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowa zai iya ba da shawara canje-canje, kuma lalle idan an yarda da al'umma, shi za a hada a cikin gaba version na harshe.

Ruby falsafa

A lokacin da samar da zũriyarsu, Matsumoto, kamar yadda wani duqufar da fan da kuma goyon baya na abu-daidaitacce shirye-shirye, shi ya halicci wani falsafa ga shirye-shirye da suke so su koya su harshe. Saboda haka, Ruby shirye-shirye da harshen tsara don samar da sauki, kuma a lokaci guda m aikace-aikace. Ruby da girmamawa da yake ba a kan gudun da shirin, da kuma sauki da kuma readability na code.

Saboda haka, wannan dandali ne sau da yawa zaba a matsayin labari ga koyar da shirye-shirye. Babban manufa, wanda dogara ne a kan harshe, shi ne abin da ake kira manufa na "kalla mamaki" - wannan yana nufin cewa shirin kamata nuna hali a matsayin sa ran by marubucin (shirye-shiryen) daga gare shi. Wani muhimmin ɓangare na harshe akidar cewa kawo mahalicci, shi ne babban canzawa da shi. A wannan sakamakon za a iya cimma a hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma ayyuka. Saboda wannan, kowane shirye-shiryen za a iya warware matsalar kamar yadda deems mafi dace da kuma dace. Wannan matukar yin tasiri a harshen ta shahararsa tsakanin kwararru a fannin fasahar sadarwa.

Babban halaye na harshe

Mene ne "Ruby" kamar yadda wani shirye-shirye da harshen? Wannan shi ne da farko wani abu-daidaitacce harshe. Akwai wani m iri - duk Tsarin da raka'a data aka abubuwa (da bambanci da wannan Java harshe, shi yana da m data Tsarin). Kowane aiki a cikin "Ruby" shi ne a hanya. Mutane da yawa daga cikin siffofin da damar gabatar da halittawa daga sauran shirye-shirye harsuna, don haka ba za mu iya amince ce cewa Ruby (yare) kunshi mafi kyau daga da dama sauran harsuna da fasahar.

Saboda haka, misali, a cikin yanayin kasa "Ruby" yana da datti tara, ra'ayin da aka aro daga Java da Smalltalk, da kuma cewa zai iya aiki tare da dukan abubuwa a cikin tsarin. Wannan inji damar da ganuwa ga mai amfani da aikace-aikace developer yin cleanup na abubuwa da suke ba a bukatar. A datti tara damar da developer a mafi yawan lokuta ba a shagaltar da ƙwaƙwalwar management na aikace-aikace da kuma mayar da hankali a kan ayyuka da kuma amfani.

harshen paradigms

Da yake amsa tambayoyi game da abin da yake cikin "Ruby" kamar yadda wani Multi-yayi harshe, za ka iya ba zato ba tsammani sami kansa a cikin zãfi na muhawara. Bayan duk, wannan harshe ba ka damar amfani da wani daga cikin shirye-shirye da paradigms daidai nasara: a procedural style of shirye-shirye, ƙin-daidaitacce da kuma aikin m. A developer ne free to zabi wa kansu da yayi cewa shi ne kusanta zuwa gare shi, kuma ya kayayyakin aiki, daga wannan ba zai zama hani ko rauni. Da shirye-shirye da harshen "Ruby" kawai karfafa wannan zaɓi.

A dalilai domin shahararsa

Yawa daga wannan harshe ya zama mashahuri saboda da sauki daga cikin ci gaban da daban-daban gyara. Saboda haka, yawan frameworks da kuma dakunan karatu an kullum girma, da kuma ayyuka da cewa su yanke shawara a kan nasu, da damar developers to da sauri kawo samfurin to a shirye matsayi. Sau da yawa sosai cikin "Ruby" -programming ake dangantawa da ci gaban da yanar gizo da aikace-aikace da kuma goyi bayan aiki na daban-daban shafukan da Internet dandamali. Wannan alkuki harshen dauki da sauki da kuma sauri na ci gaba. Bayan duk madadin dandamali (misali, Java), bukatar fiye da ilmi da kwarewa a warware wannan matsaloli.

popular frameworks

Idan muka magana game da m frameworks cewa wanzu a kasuwa a yau, daga gare su fice reluwe. Mutane da yawa, lokacin da ya tambaye game da abin da yake cikin "Ruby", lamirinsu nufa RubyOnRails. Wannan sa na software aka gyara zama wani masana'antu misali tsakanin developers. Ya kullum kiyaye, ɓullo da complemented al'umma na shirye-shirye, yayin da sauran free. Wannan tsarin ya bayyana yanar gizo da aikace-aikacen da aka gyara a matsayin wani ɓangare na MVC juna (Model-View-Controller), amma kuma samar da shirye-sanya hadewa tare da na aikace-aikace uwar garke kuma wani dubawa don samun damar da database. Wadannan 3 gyara, a gaskiya, ba da damar 'yan sa'o'i rubuta da kuma gudu wani sauki blog a kan Internet, ko mai zaman kansa shafin yanar gizo.

A Ruby shirye-shirye da harshen, ko da ba za ka iya haifar da 'yan qasar hannu aikace-aikace, godiya RubyMotion library. Yana ba ka damar zartar da Ruby code a kan iOS dandamali, OS X, da Android. Yana da aka halitta da mai zaman kansa kungiyar na developers, don haka don ta yi amfani da dole ne a biya ba, amma shi sake tabbatar da arziki yiwuwa na harshe.

Muhimmancin da rubuce-rubuce da gwaje-gwaje

Wani muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin kasa na Ruby harshe, da kuma ta yanar gizo na tushen sassa su ne freymovrki dakunan karatu da rubutu gwaje-gwaje. RubyOnRails falsafa wa'azi BDD (hali-kore ci gaba), wanda ke nufin cewa na farko da shirye-shiryen Halicci jerin gwaje-gwaje da cewa bayyana da ana tsammanin hali na shirin, sa'an nan halitta da code cewa yana bukatar ya samu nasarar wuce wadannan gwaje-gwaje. Unofficial misali a cikin wannan yanki shi ne RSpec - wannan tsarin ba ka damar rubuta jarabawar lokuta fahimta, har ma ga saba masu amfani don ci gaba.

Ruby Gems

Godiya ga cewa aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ga matsayin da dole a bi duk kunshe-da] akunan karatu, a Ruby, da ci gaban add-kan ba wuya. Saboda haka, daga cikin abin da ake kira duwatsu masu daraja (daga English -. Dutse mai daraja) kayayyaki za a iya samu domin kusan duk wani aikace-aikace - daga hadewa da social networks da ɓangare na uku da sabis don ƙãre dandamali ga e-kasuwanci. All kana bukatar ka yi amfani da wani ɓangare na uku library - shi ne ya bayyana dogaro da su aikin daga wasu library, located in wani m, ko na gida mangaza, da kuma a lokacin na gaba ginawa wannan library ne ta atomatik ɗora Kwatancen a cikin aikace-aikace. Yana kuma simplifies hijirarsa tsakanin aikin Developers, kamar yadda babu bukatar su da hannu raba dependencies gina aikin.

Saboda haka, idan an ce muku, kuma game da abin da shi ne "Ruby", to, za ku iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa wannan iko da kuma m shirye-shirye da harshen cewa shi ne haƙĩƙa dace duka biyu gogaggen developers da kuma sabon shiga da suke so su koyi shirye-shirye ba mai sauki craft. A cikinsa akwai kayayyakin aiki, don samar da wani aikace-aikace - daga tebur aikace-aikace don mobile ayyuka da kuma yanar gizo dandamali.