Menene m jikin tantanin? A tsarin da m jikin tantanin

Tsarin binciken na sel prokaryotic kwayoyin, kazalika da shuke-shuke da dabbobi da hannu a mutum ilmin halitta sashe, da ake kira cytology. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa, da abinda ke ciki na cell, cewa shi ne, gina quite wuya a cikin ta. An kewaye da wani da ake kira surface naúrar, hada da matsanancin jikin tantanin, nadmembrannye tsarin hada da: glycocalyx da cell bango, kazalika da microfilaments, microtubules da pelikula kafa ta submembrane hadaddun.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika tsarin da kuma ayyuka na cikin matsanancin jikin tantanin, wani ɓangare na surface na'ura na iri daban-daban Kwayoyin.

Menene m jikin tantanin

Kamar yadda a baya aka bayyana, cikin matsanancin membrane ne wani ɓangare na surface kowane naúrar cell, wanda nasarar raba ta ciki abinda ke ciki da kuma kare salon salula da wasu gabbansa daga m muhalli da yanayi. Wani aiki - shi ne dãɗin metabolism tsakanin cell abinda ke ciki da kuma nama ruwa, don haka cikin matsanancin jikin tantanin samar da sufuri da na kwayoyin da ions shiga cytoplasm, da kuma taimaka wajen cire gubobi da wuce haddi da gubobi daga cell.

A tsarin da jikin tantanin

Matattarar ko plasmalemma daban-daban na Kwayoyin suna da daban-daban a tsakãninsu. Yafi, da sinadaran tsarin, da kuma zumunta abun ciki na lipids, glycoproteins, sunadarai, saboda haka, yanayin rabe da suke a gare su. A matsanancin jikin tantanin sifa da aiki da abin da aka kaddara da farko ta abun da ke ciki na mutum glycoproteins, daukan bangare a cikin fitarwa na samuwar kasashe a waje yanayi da kuma cell halayen da suka kasance sunã aikatãwa. Tun da sunadaran da glycolipids cell membranes iya mu'amala da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, sabõda haka suka shiga cikin cell. Herpes ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma mura iya amfani da plasmalemma daga cikin rundunar cell to yi wani m harsashi.

A ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin cuta, da ake kira bacteriophages, Kwayoyin a haɗe zuwa membrane da aka narkar a lamba ta yin amfani da musamman enzyme. Sa'an nan, da rami kara kwayar jigidar halittar DNA.

Features na tsarin jini membrane na eukaryotic

Ka tuna cewa cikin matsanancin jikin tantanin abubuwa a matsayin kai, watau kai da abubuwa a cikin cytoplasm na cell kuma daga waje muhalli. Domin gudanar da irin wannan tsari na bukatar musamman tsarin. Lalle ne, plasmalemma ne akai, duniya domin duk eukaryotic cell surface inji tsarin. Wannan bakin ciki (2-10 nm), amma shi ne isasshe m multilayer film da yake rufe da dukan cell. Da tsarin da aka yi karatu a shekarar 1972, da irin malamai kamar D. Singer da G. Nicolson, su ma halitta wani ruwa-mosaic model na jikin tantanin.

Babban sinadaran mahadi da cewa samar da shi - shi ne mai ma'ana a tsari na kwayoyin sunadaran da kuma wasu phospholipids cewa an saka a cikin lipid na ruwa yanayi da kuma kama mosaic. Saboda haka, tantanin halitta membrane aka hada biyu yadudduka na sia, wadanda ba iyakacin duniya hydrophobic "wutsiyoyi" wanda suke ciki da membrane, da iyakacin duniya hydrophilic shugabannin ta da cell cytoplasm da intercellular ruwa.

Sia Layer Ribar da manyan sunadarai na gina jiki da ke cikin hydrophilic pores. An hawa therethrough, mai ruwa-ruwa mafita na glucose da kuma ma'adinai salts. Wasu sunadarai na gina jiki da ake samu a kan m, kuma a ciki surface na jini membrane. Saboda haka, a kan m jikin tantanin na sel a duk kwayoyin ciwon core carbohydrate kwayoyin suna da alaka da covalent shaidu da glycolipids da glycoproteins. Carbohydrate abun ciki na cell membranes jeri daga 2 zuwa 10%.

A tsarin da jini membrane prokaryotic kwayoyin

A matsanancin jikin tantanin a prokaryotes aikin kama ayyuka ga plasmalemma cell nukiliya kwayoyin, wato ji da kuma watsa bayanai daga waje yanayi, kai na ions da mafita a cikin cell da kuma fita daga, kariya daga waje cytoplasm externally reagents. Yana iya samar da mesosoma - Tsarin tasowa a lokacin invagination na jini membrane a cikin cell. Suna iya zama enzymes hannu a rayuwa halayen prokaryotes, misali, a cikin DNA kwafi, gina jiki kira.

Mesosoma ma dauke da redox enzymes, yayin da photosynthetic ne bacteriochlorophyll (kwayoyin) da kuma phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Da muhimmancin da matsanancin membrane a cikin cell-cell lambobi

Ci gaba da amsa tambaya, Menene m jikin tantanin, zai mayar da hankali a kan ta rawa a cell-cell lambobi. A shuka Kwayoyin a cikin ganuwar da matsanancin jikin tantanin pores suna kafa wucewa a ɓangaren litattafan almara Layer. Ta hanyar su iya samar da tantanin halitta cytoplasm zahiri irin wannan bakin ciki tashoshi kira plasmodesmata.

Godiya a gare su, da alaka tsakanin makwabta shuka Kwayoyin karfi sosai. A adam Kwayoyin da dabba lamba shafukan da m cell membranes an kira desmosomes. Su ne halayyar endothelial da epithelial Kwayoyin, kuma ma samu a cardiomyocytes.

Karin samuwar jini membrane

Don gane da bambance-bambance tsakanin shuka Kwayoyin daga dabbobi taimaka musu nazarin tsarin fasali na plasmalemma, wanda ya dogara a kan abin da ayyuka suna yi da m jikin tantanin. Sama da shi a cikin dabba cell ne a Layer na glycocalyx. Ya kunshi polysaccharides kwayoyin dangantawa da sunadaran da lipids m jikin tantanin. Saboda glycocalyx mannewa (mai danko) ya auku tsakanin Kwayoyin, zai kai ga samuwar kyallen takarda, don haka yana daukan bangare a cikin yi sigina aiki na jini membrane - da waje yanayi fitarwa samuwar kasashe.

Ta yaya da takamaiman m kai da abubuwa ta hanyar cell membranes

Kamar yadda aka a baya ya bayyana, cikin matsanancin jikin tantanin ne da hannu a cikin kai da abubuwa tsakanin cell da kuma na waje muhalli. Akwai iri biyu na kai fadin plasmalemma: m (difuzionny) da kuma aiki kai. A farko da dangantaka yadawa, yuwuwa yadawa da kuma osmosis. The motsi na abubuwa tare da maida hankali dan tudu dogara da farko a kan nauyi da kuma size of kwayoyin wucewa ta cikin jikin tantanin. Alal misali, kananan nonpolar kwayoyin ne readily mai narkewa a cikin lipid Layer talakawan plasmalemma motsi therethrough da kuma bayyana a cikin cytoplasm.

Manyan kwayoyin kwayoyin abubuwa shiga cikin cytoplasm da taimako na musamman m sunadarai. Suna da nau'in bayani dalla-dalla da kuma a haɗa tare da barbashi ko ion makamashi ta halin kaka ba tare da passively canjawa wuri ta hanyar da membrane da wani taro dan tudu (m kai). Wannan tsari Forms da dalilin da jini membrane Properties kamar zabe permeability. A kan aiwatar da m kai ba ya amfani da makamashi na ATP kwayoyin, da kuma cell kubutar da shi zuwa wasu na rayuwa halayen.

Active kai daga sunadarai ta hanyar da plasmalemma

Tun da m jikin tantanin bada damar canja wurin ions da kwayoyin daga yanayi a cikin cell da baya, shi ya zama mai yiwuwa ga fitarwa dissimilation kayayyakin ne da gubobi, zahiri, Ina nufin a intercellular ruwa. Active kai auku a kan maida hankali dan tudu da bukatar yin amfani da makamashi a nau'i na ATP kwayoyin. Yana kuma ya shafi transporter sunadarai kira ATP-kayan yau da kullum, ana lokaci guda kuma enzymes.

Misalan irin motocin ne sodium-potassium famfo (sodium ions aka canjawa wuri daga cytoplasm zuwa waje muhalli, da kuma potassium ions an pumped cikin cytoplasm). Don shi m na hanji epithelial Kwayoyin da koda. Bambance-bambancen karatu na wannan hanya ne da canja wurin tsari na pinocytosis da phagocytosis. Saboda haka, karatu abin da ayyuka suna yi da m jikin tantanin, shi za a iya ƙaddara cewa matakai ne iya phagocytosis da pino- heterotrophic protists, kazalika da sel mafi girma dabba kwayoyin, msl, leukocytes.

Bioelectric matakai a cikin cell membranes

An tabbatar da cewa akwai wani m bambanci tsakanin matsanancin surface na jini membrane (shi ne gaskiya ma cajin) da kuma parietal Layer na cytoplasm, barnatar da caji. Yana da aka kira da Allaha m, kuma shi ne muhimmi a duk rayayyun tantani. A jijiya nama ba kawai Allaha m amma kuma da yake iya gudanar da rauni biopotentials, da ake kira da zumudi tsari. A waje membrane na jijiya Kwayoyin, neurons, shan hangula na rabe fara canza zargin sodium ions a cikin cell massively ciyar da zama wani electronegative surface plasmalemma. A bango Layer cytoplasm saboda wuce haddi cations obtains tabbatacce cajin. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa akwai recharge da matsanancin jikin tantanin na wani neuron, wanda ya haddasa a aiwatar da jijiyar cewa underlie da zumudi tsari.