Nau'in na banki tsarin. Central Bank. Cibiyar sadarwa na bankuna

A nasara ci gaba na kasa tattalin arzikin jihar a kasar na bukatar wani ingantaccen banki tsarin. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za a gina shi. Amma da farko, jagorancin kasar za ta tantance domin na da irin banki tsarin ana sa ran ci gaba. Abin da waɗansu alãmõmi, a wannan yanayin, na iya jawo hankalin jihar?

Mene ne banki tsarin

Kafin nazarin filaye a kan wanda za a iya classified banki tsarin (iri, da tsarin kowace ƙira), ayyana mahaluži dauke ambatacce. Mene ne kowa hanyoyin da watsuwar da dacewa bincike Concepts?

A Rasha gwani al'umma a karkashin banki tsarin da aka fi sau da yawa gane kamar yadda Laraba hulda tsakanin gwamnatin, daban-daban cibiyoyin da kungiyoyi, na halitta da kuma doka mutane a cikin abin da haƙƙin na dokokin ƙa'idar ma'amaloli da tsabar kudi da kuma kudi da kadarori. Bayanan sadarwa na iya faruwa ta hanyar da dama sunadaran. Da banki tsarin - wani kudi ma'aikata cewa shi ne wani ɓangare na kasa da tattalin arziki.

Jigon da sadarwa alama da jihar, kasuwanci da kuma daidaikun mutane da aka fi mayar da m da irin banki tsarin. By karatu abin da suka kasance ba.

Nau'in banki tsarin

Akwai dalilai da yawa domin rarrabuwa na banki tsarin. A cikin Rasha yi ta yada manufar, bisa ga abin da dacewa kudi cibiyoyin za a iya gabatar a cikin wadannan asali versions:

- rarraba (ko guda matakin) tsarin.

- tsaka tsarin.

- kasuwar (ko Duplex) tsarin.

Za mu yi nazarin su takamaiman bayani.

bene tsarin

Ruwaito iri banki tsarin unsa haka zabin da guda-matakin kudi cibiyoyin.

Su bayani dalla-dalla ne gaban kwance sadarwa tsakanin bashi cibiyoyin, da aiwatar da babban birnin kasar management ayyukan bisa duniya nagartacce kuma norms. Wannan lambar yabo da-type banki tsarin ne halin da yafi ga kasashen da rauni tattalin arziki, da kuma ga kasashen a cikin abin da yi administrative hanyoyin da management na tsarin tattalin arziki.

biyu-bene tsarin

Dauke ra'ayi, a cikin abin da gano da daban-daban na banki tsarin, kuma unshi da kasafi na biyu-bene kudi cibiyoyin.

A karshen, sadarwa tsakanin bashi cibiyoyin suna da za'ayi a cikin ko dai a kwance ko a tsaye jirgin sama. Game da biyu inji shafi hulda tsakanin CB - key kudi ma'aikata a jihar - kuma da nisa da tushe bankuna. A cikin tsarin na inji kafa ta a kwance sadarwa a tsakanin su daidaita doka matsayi a cikin bangare na bashi cibiyoyin. Da muhimmancin da Central Bank a wani biyu-bene tsarin - don tabbatar da liquidity na kudi rahoto Tsarin, kazalika a aiwatar macroeconomic tsari.

A Soviet model na kungiyar na banki tsarin

Nau'in na banki tsarin, mun tattauna a sama, shi ne ba dangantaka tare da mu Game da kudi ma'aikata cewa wanzu a Soviet sau - saboda da cewa shi yana da yawan musamman halaye. Menene wannan yake nufi? Sama mu lura da cewa daya-bene banki tsarin presupposes da wanzuwar guda sadarwar inji tsakanin mutum bashi cibiyoyin - horizontally. Biyu matakin da shawara cewa, aiwatar da hulda tsakanin cibiyoyin kudin da Central Bank an haɗa.

Da yake jawabi na Soviet model, ba za mu iya cewa shi cikakken faye hali fasali na farko ko na biyu da irin tsarin. Gaskiyar cewa bankuna a Tarayyar Soviet yi aiki a wani pronounced karkashin shugabancin tsakiya da kuma tsananin mika wuya ga State Bank. Wannan shi ne ba a kwance sadarwa ba faru tsakanin su. Bi da bi, wani ma'auni na rarrabe biyu matakan da hulda tsakanin kudi cibiyoyin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, kuma sami wuya. Gaskiyar cewa State Bank ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani guda na kasa banki tsarin, da kuma da rawar kama da cewa yi da Central Bank of Rasha ba iyakance ga tabbatarwa na liquidity da kuma tsari. Its aiki da aka bayyana a cikin gaskiyar samar da wani cikakken kewayon da sabis na bankin bayar ta hanyar wani cibiyar sadarwa na zama ƙarƙashin dokokin na shiyya bankuna.

Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike har yanzu ayan siffantãwa da Soviet model na kungiyar na bashi da kudi cibiyoyin da guda-matakin da irin. Mene ne shaida na masana a kan wannan batu? Gaskiyar cewa State Bank da Tarayyar Soviet, mallakan kenkenewa a kusan duk iri da sabis na bankin, a gaskiya, ya zama haka a "guda matakin" na babban birnin kasar. Akwai masu bincike da suka rarraba da bashi da kudi tsarin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sauran jihohi, wanda aka halin da administrative model na tattalin arziki management a matsayin mai raba jinsunan - Karkasa.

A tsaka tsarin

Abin da siffofin faye hali da banki tsarin a mika mulki? Yana yiwuwa a gano da sadarwa, waxanda suke da halayyar duka biyu guda matakin-iri kudi cibiyoyin, kuma domin da biyu-matakin. A cikin farko idan za mu iya magana game da kasancewar jihar bankuna, wanda suke gudun nuna alama, wani gagarumin rabo a cikin dukan na kasa monetary tsarin da kuma a lokaci guda kiyaye 'yancin kai da Babban Bankin ya bayyana cikin sharuddan da aiwatar da kudi manufofin da inganta kasuwa, da definition na ci gaba manyan al'amurra. A daya hannun, a cikin ƙasar ta banki tsarin iya halartar da ma'aikata, wanda, bi da bi, rahoton kai tsaye zuwa ga Babban Bankin da kuma kula da mulki da iyãkõkin kafa dokar.

A zamani banki tsarin na Rasha Federation

Saboda haka, za mu dubi asali iri banki tsarin a cikin tsarin na Concepts cewa sun zama tartsatsi tsakanin zamani malamai. Da yake jawabi game da zamani kudi cibiyoyin a Rasha, ta yaya za su iya classified?

A mafi ãyõyi na Rasha banki tsarin - biyu-bene. Shi kusan ba ya gudanar da ayyuka na kudi cibiyoyin da suke ba da lissafi ga Babban Bankin. Bi da bi, da Rasha banki tsarin ya shafi aiki na da babban yawan bashi cibiyoyin cewa rayayye hulɗa tare da juna a cikin wani kwance jirgin sama. Babban Bankin na Rasha Federation daukawa fitar biyu ãdalci, kuma tsara ayyuka. Yana bayar da bankin liquidity ta samar da su tare da rance daidai da na key kudi.

Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa irin na Rasha banki tsarin yanzu - yanzu gauraye. Amma ba cikin sharuddan mai hade da ãyõyin a daya-bene da kuma biyu-bene model, kuma a cikin bangare na gaban wasu cututtuka da suke da halayyar da Karkasa Soviet tsarin na kungiyar na dacewa kudi ma'aikata. Masana sun yi jayayya da wannan ra'ayi cewa a Rasha ta manyan bankuna - jihar. Wadannan sun hada da wani Savings Bank, "VTB", "aikin gona Bank". Wannan kayyade cewa jihar, kamar State Bank da Tarayyar Soviet, a zahiri riqe da kasa bashi da kudi tsarin karkashin iko. Bi da bi, a cikin Rasha banki tsarin ne da-kafa kasuwar-type, bayar da shawara cewa a cikin daidai kashi na kasuwanci ayyukan za a samu halartar babban yawan 'yan wasa mu'amala horizontally. Wannan yanayin ne halayyar da biyu-bene model.

Lura cewa kafin Tarayyar Soviet - a cikin kwanaki na Rasha Empire - a kasar mu akwai kuma isasshe ɓullo da banki tsarin. An halin, bisa ga yawa masu bincike, matuƙar tasiri hulda da jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu kudi cibiyoyin. A cewar wasu masana, da tarihi kwarewa daga waɗanda shekara zuwa wasu har a iya amfani da zamani Rasha.

International kwarewa

Koyi da ka'idodi a kan wanda bankuna aiki, da kuma Rasha banki tsarin, la'akari da mafi ƙwarai facts game da aikin da ya dace kudi cibiyoyin a} asashen waje. Musamman amfani don kula da kwarewa da ci-gaba Yammacin tattalin arziki. A ci gaba da Rasha banki tsarin ne da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na jari hujja model. Babu shakka, da gwaninta na kasashen turai a cikin wannan ma'ana shi ne incomparably mafi girma.

Kusanta ne a wurin da definition na rawa na bankuna

Daga cikin mafi mashahuri na trends a zamani banki a kasashen turai - a sake tunani na hanyoyin da fahimtar rawar da bankuna a kasar tattalin arzikin kasar. Gaskiyar ita ce, a kasashen turai da classic bashi da kudi cibiyoyin - ba ne kawai 'yan wasa a cikin dacewa kasuwar kashi. Yana da aka shirya don karfafa rawar da muhimmanci ga kasa tattalin arzikin da ba na banki kungiyoyi. Wadannan Tsarin iya aiki da wasu har kusa, abin da yake halayyar da na gargajiya bankunan: misali, don samar da ayyuka ga sami biya, don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da tsabar kudi ayyukan. A lokaci guda, aikin irin Tsarin iya ba ya bukatar gaban Central Bank of lasisi kuma bã zã ta kasance a cikin irin wannan hali kamar yadda dake da'awar gwada wa yarda da kudi dokokin da cewa an aikata kula hukumomi domin bankuna.

Hakika, irin kungiyoyin suna riga tsunduma a cikin ayyuka da kuma a Rasha. Wadannan sun hada da farko lantarki-biyan bashin tsarin, kazalika da micro-bashi kungiyoyi. Lalle ne sũ, ba za a iya lasafta shi a cikin bankunan, amma a lokaci guda, su na iya samar da ayyuka da cewa su ne hankula a matsayin lokaci na gargajiya kudi cibiyoyin. A cewar wasu masu bincike, da bayani dalla-dalla na EPS ayyukan, Microfinance cibiyoyin da kuma sauran wadanda ba banki cibiyoyin a Rasha cewa Bangguo ya nẽmi ya jitu da tattalinsu cewa tsara da aiki na Tsarin irin wannan da kuma na gargajiya bankuna. Mene ne shaida na masana suka rike da wannan ra'ayi? Saboda haka, da masu bincike yi imani da cewa Law "A lantarki-biyan bashin tsarin" kamar yadda lokaci ya shafi alama da daidaituwa na yau da kullum A matsayin. Alal misali, a cikin sharuddan na gano da mabukaci daga cikin sabis. A farkon shekaru na aiki a Rasha EPS ga cikakken amfani da e-biyan bashin da sabis a Rasha Federation da mutum bai bukatar ka tabbatar da shaidarka, sa'an nan tallafi na doka a cikin tambaya, da irin wannan bukatar ya tashi.

Bi da bi, a cikin West ɓangare na banki tsarin, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu manazarta, da aka gani a wani daban-daban mahallin. EPS da kuma sauran 'yan wasan da ba su kasance a cikin category na classic bashi da kudi cibiyoyin za, daidai da daya daga cikin mafi m Concepts kamata zauna raba, ba kai tsaye alaka banki alkuki. Amma abin da sharudda iya zama dalilin rabuwar biyu segments?

Saboda haka, bisa ga masu bincike, da bankuna da kuma banki tsarin yin wadannan kewayon ayyuka:

- ajẽwa hidima na mutane da kuma shari'a abokai tare da cikakken lamuni na adana babban birnin kasar.

- kungiyar ga harkokin kasuwanci na tsabar kudi ayyukan da duk halayen doka muhimmanci.

- arziki na "dogon" rance (jinginar gida, rance ga 'yan kasuwa).

Bi da bi, da wadanda ba banki Tsarin dole, daidai da daya daga cikin mafi m Concepts cewa mayar da hankali a kan wadannan ayyuka:

- samar da azumi da kuma abin dogara kudi canja wurin, samun biya domin zaman kansu da kuma jama'a da sabis.

- arziki na fasaha ababen more rayuwa ga biyan tikiti na daban-daban halaye na kai;

- arziki na "short" rance (yafi wadanda aka classified a matsayin micro-credits).

- Gudanarwa da tasiri aikin online Stores.

Waɗannan su ne ka'idodin key cewa daidai da bambanci tsakanin rawar gargajiya banki kudi cibiyoyin da kuma wadanda ba banki cibiyoyin a kasashen turai. Don abin da har irin wannan ra'ayi ne m tare da yi na Rasha kudi da ãyõyinSa? A cewar wasu masana, da key na sama da aka ambata-ka'idojin ne quite dace da Rasha Federation. Abu mafi muhimmanci - cewa majalisar bayar da ake buƙata matakin na goyon bayan ayyukan da kasuwar 'yan wasa cikin sharuddan da dacewa da sabis.

Commercial da kuma zuba jari bankuna

A da yawa kasashen turai addini da bambanci na bankuna (kuma wannan shi ne wani yiwu dalilin kassa da dacewa da tsarin) zuwa ga waɗanda suke cewa gudanar da wani bashi da kudi ayyuka, da kuma waɗanda suke gudanar da aiki da farko, a zuba jari aiki (alaka da saya da kuma sayar da hannun jari, Securities, da dai sauransu . d.). Alal misali, a {asar Amirka ne ainihin biyu daban-daban na kungiyoyi. Hakazalika shi ne yanayin a Japan. A Rasha, akwai wani aiki a cikinsa guda iri za a iya kafa raka'a alhakin duka biyu ga banki da kuma zuba jari da ayyukan. Alal misali, a cikin tsarin "VTB" rike da tsarin shi ne "VTB 24" da "VTB Capital". A farko da alaka da harkar banki, na biyu - kamar guda zuba jari aiki.

Da muhimmancin da Babban Bankin

Features na kasa banki tsarin da aka fi mayar da m da takamaiman ayyuka na Central Bank, da rawar a jihar tattalin arzikin. Mene ne hanyoyin da fahimtar ɓullo da jari hujja tattalin arziki?

Akwai jihohi a wadda Babban Bankin ne tafin kafa kayyadewa na kasa kudi tsarin. Daga cikin wadanda - Australia, Ireland, Italiya. A wasu ƙasashe, da Babban Bankin ya raba alama aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyin - da irin wannan al'adar ta ɓullo a Amurka, Jamus, Faransa. Daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa model na kungiyar na kasa banki tsarin - American.

Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin da ya dace kudi ma'aikata a Amurka akwai zahiri hudu iri cibiyoyin:

- kasa na rance cibiyoyin ;

- jihar bankuna a cikin tsarin da Tarayya Reserve System.

- bankuna suna ba kunshe a cikin Fed, amma da alaka da gwamnatin tarayya Deposit Insurance Corporation.

- bashi Tsarin cewa ba hulɗa tare da rarrabe kungiyoyi.

Fed a cikin wannan hali abubuwa a matsayin wani analog na CBA wanda ya yi aikin watsi aiki da kuma kula da liquidity. Duk da haka, a cikin United States kuma iya aiki bashi cibiyoyin cewa ba su da alaka da ayyukan Tarayya Reserve System.

Al'amurra na ci gaba da Rasha banki tsarin

Saboda haka muka yi karatu da ra'ayi da kuma iri daban-daban na banki tsarin. Wanne daga cikin matsalolin da ci gaban da ya dace kudi ma'aikata ne mafi kyau dace da Rasha? Amsar wannan tambaya na bukatar wani hadadden bincike na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da kuma a mutunta mutane da yawa ma da tarihi da kuma al'adu abubuwan da faye hali bayani dalla-dalla na Rasha Federation a matsayin jihar. A cewar da yawa masu bincike, da matsaloli na Rasha ta banki tsarin, cewa akwai yanzu, musamman, mun gwada da babban amfani rates a kan rance, mai gwada manyan dogara da Rasha kudi cibiyoyin da waje rance, an qaddara yadda lokaci ne da cewa da yawa yammacin matsayin sa a cikin yi banki a Rasha ba tare da shan la'akari kasa ƙayyadaddu sadarwa jihar, kasuwanci da kuma 'yan asalin cikin wannan yanki.

A wannan batun, kwararru da yawa la'akari da shi da amfani, don su bincika ba kawai da gwaninta na kasashen yammaci dangane da ci gaban da ya dace kudi ma'aikata, amma kuma tarihi model na aiki na bashi kungiyoyi a Rasha. Haka kuma, suna, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, sun wanzu har tsawon wani lokaci da kuma aka halin, a cewar wasu masu bincike, wani babban mataki na sophistication. Saboda haka, shi gudana a cikin Rasha tarihi iri banki da kuma tsarin da halaye na iya zama babu kasa muhimmiyar tushen gwaninta a cikin sharuddan na inganta samfurin yanzu na jihar babban birnin} asa management.