Robobi da fasaha, iri, samar da yin amfani da

Polymeric kayan - a high kwayoyin sunadarai mahadi da cewa kunshi yawa malomolekulyarnyh monomers (raka'a) na wannan tsari. Sau da yawa polymers aka yi amfani da sarrafa daga cikin wadannan monomer aka gyara: ethylene, vinyl chloride, vinildenhlorid, roba acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. A wannan labarin, za mu tattauna a daki-daki, abin da polymeric kayan, kazalika da sinadaran da jiki Properties, rarrabuwa da kuma iri.

daban na polymers

A siffa daga cikin kwayoyin na wannan abu ne da manyan kwayoyin nauyi, wanda yayi dace da wadannan darajar: M> 5 * 103. Mahadi da ƙananan matakin da wannan siga (M = 500-5000), kira a matsayin oligomers. A low-kwayoyin nauyi mahadi ne kasa da 500. Wadannan iri polymeric kayan: roba da na halitta. A karshen yawa ana kira na halitta roba, Mika, da ulu, asbestos, cellulose, kuma t. D. Duk da haka, da ainihin roba polymers zauna sarari hali wanda aka samu ta hanyar aiwatar da sinadaran kira na mahadi na low matakin kwayoyin. Dangane da hanyar da Manufacturing high-kwayoyin kayan, an rarrabe polymers da suke ko da polycondensation, ko da Bugu da kari dauki.

Polymerization

Wannan tsari ne mai jam'iyya na low kwayoyin nauyi aka gyara a cikin high kwayoyin nauyi ba dogon sarƙoƙi. The yawa na Polymerization matakin - shi ne yawan "Immer" a cikin kwayoyin na abun da ke ciki. Mafi sau da yawa, da polymeric kayan dauke daga dubban zuwa dubban raka'a. By da Polymerization, wadannan mahadi sukan yi amfani da: polyethylene, propylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, da sauransu.

polycondensation

Wannan tsari shi ne mataki na mayar da martani, wanda shi ne wani fili ko a manyan yawan irin wannan monomers, ko da biyu daga jinsin kungiyoyin (A da B) a polycondensors (macromolecule) tare da lokaci daya samuwar wadannan by-kayayyakin: methyl barasa, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, ruwa da kuma et al. Yin amfani da samu polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides da sauran polymeric kayan.

polyaddition

A karkashin wannan tsari fahimci samuwar polymers a mahara Bugu da kari halayen da monomeric aka gyara wanda dauke da mai amsawa ƙungiya iyaka, da monomers na unsaturated kungiyoyin (aiki hawan keke ko biyu bond). A bambanci ga polycondensation, polyaddition dauki faruwa ba tare da sallama da ta-kayayyakin. A mafi muhimmanci aiki da wannan fasaha yi ĩmãnida curing epoxy resins da polyurethanes liyafar.

rarrabuwa na polymers

A abun da ke ciki, duk polymer kayan kasu kashi inorganic, Organic da kuma organometallic. A farko daga cikin wadannan (silicate gilashi, Mica, asbestos, tukwane, da dai sauransu) Kada dauke da atomic carbon. Su ne tushen aluminum oxide, magnesium, silicon da kuma kama. D. Organic polymers sun dauki mafi m aji, sun dauke carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen da kuma halogen. Organometallic polymeric kayan - ne mahadi da an hada da manyan sarƙoƙi wanin wadanda aka jera, da kuma silicon kwayoyin halitta, aluminum, titanium da sauran abubuwa da cewa za a iya hada da kwayoyin radicals. A yanayi irin wannan haduwa ba faruwa. Shi ne kawai roba polymers. Hankula wakilan wannan kungiyar ne mahadi a kan silicone akai, wanda babban sarkar da aka gina daga oxygen da kuma silicon kwayoyin halitta.

Don samun polymers da ake so Properties ne sau da yawa amfani a cikin art ba "tsarki" abu, da kuma haduwa daga gare tare da kwayoyin ko inorganic aka gyara. Kyakkyawan misali ne da polymer kayan gini: karfe-robobi, fiberglass, polymer kankare.

A tsarin da polymers

A peculiarity na da kaddarorin wadannan kayan saboda su Gininsu, wanda, bi da bi, ya kasu cikin wadannan iri: mikakke-branched, mikakke, da na sarari kwayoyin kungiyoyin da manyan da sosai musamman na lissafi Tsarin da bene. Bari mu ɗan bincika kowane daga cikinsu.

Polymeric kayan da mikakke-branched tsarin fiye da kashin kwayoyin da gefen rassan. Irin wannan polymers hada propylene da polyisobutylene.

Materials da mikakke tsarin da dogon wandar-wandar tafiyar maciji, ko juya a cikin wani Helix sarkar. Su macromolecules farko halin da maimaitawar na ƙasar a cikin daya tsarin naúrar ko rukuni na raka'a da sinadaran sarkar. Polymers da mikakke tsarin halin gaban musamman dogon macromolecules tare da wani gwaji bambanci a cikin yanayi na shaidu tare da sarkar da kuma tsakanin su. Mun nufin intermolecular da kuma sinadaran shaidu. Macromolecules irin wannan abu ne sosai m. Kuma wannan dukiya shi ne tushen da polymer sarƙoƙi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa qualitatively sabon halaye: high elasticity, kazalika babu brittleness a warke jihar.

Kuma yanzu mun koya cewa wannan polymeric kayan da na sarari tsarin. Wadannan abubuwa samar ta hanyar hada da juna macromolecules karfi sinadaran shaidu a cikin gangara shugabanci. A sakamakon haka ne a net tsarin, wanda yana da wani maras uniform na sarari Grid tsarin. Polymers na irin wannan da hakan zafi juriya da kuma rigidity fiye da mikakke. Wadannan kayan su ne dalilin da yawa ba na ƙarfe ba yi kayan.

Kwayoyin na polymer kayan da wani tsãni tsarin hada da wata biyu da sarƙoƙi wanda ake da alaka da wani sinadaran bond. Wadannan sun hada da silicone polymers cewa an halin ƙãra rigidity, zafi juriya, haka ma, ba su hul] a da kwayoyin kaushi.

A lokaci abun da ke ciki na polymers

Wadannan kayan su ne tsarin da ya kunshi amorphous da crystalline yankuna. A farko daga cikin wadannan taimaka wajen rage stiffness, sa na roba polymer abin da yake iya manyan deformations na wani reversible yanayi. A crystalline lokaci na taimaka don su kara karfinsu, taurin, na roba modulus, da kuma sauran sigogi, yayin da minimizing da kwayoyin sassauci abu. A rabo daga cikin girma da dukkan wadannan yankunan da jimlar girma da aka kira da mataki na crystallization, cikinsa da matsakaicin matakin (80%) ne polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, high yawa polyethylenes. A ƙananan matakin mataki na crystallization da polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes na low yawa.

Dangane da hali na polymeric kayan a kan dumama, su za a iya raba thermosetting da thermoplastic.

thermosetting polymers

Wadannan firamare suna da kayayyakin da mikakke tsari. Lokacin da mai tsanani, suka yi laushi, amma tsarin canje-canje a cikin sarari da kuma abu ne tuba a cikin wani m a sakamakon yayyo a sinadaran halayen. A nan gaba, wannan quality aka kiyaye. A wannan manufa polymeric kumshin kayan. Su m dumama ba laushi littattafai, da kuma kawai take kaiwa zuwa ta rage daraja. Shirye thermosetting cakuda ba ta soke ko narke, don haka shi ne unacceptable domin sake amfani. By irin wannan abu hada da epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde da sauran resins.

thermoplastic polymers

Wadannan kayan a lokacin da mai tsanani, da farko yi laushi sa'an nan narke da m sanyaya solidifies. Thermoplastic polymers lokacin da irin wannan aiki ba sha sunadarai canje-canje. Wannan ya sa cikin tsari gaba daya reversible. Abubuwa na irin wannan ne mikakke ko branched mikakke tsarin macromolecules, daga cikinsu akwai mai kananan karfi, da kuma babu sinadaran shaidu. Wadannan sun hada da polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, da sauransu. A fasaha na polymeric kayan kamar thermoplastic azurta su yi ta allura gyare-gyaren a ruwa-sanyaya siffofin gyare-gyaren, extrusion, duka gyare-gyaren, da kuma wasu hanyoyin.

sinadaran Properties

A polymers iya yi kira a cikin wadannan yanayi: m, ruwa, amorphous, crystalline lokaci, kuma sosai na roba, da danko sosai kwarara da kuma nakasawa gilashi. A tartsatsi amfani da polymeric kayan saboda su high jure daban-daban lalatattu kafofin watsa labarai, kamar mayar da hankali acid da kuma alkalis. Su ne ba mai saukin kamuwa zuwa electrochemical lalata. Bugu da ƙari, tare da kara kwayoyin nauyi abu ne mai rage na solubility a cikin kwayoyin kaushi. Kuma polymers da ciwon sarari tsarin, kullum ba fallasa zuwa ce ruwaye.

jiki Properties

Mai polymers ne insulators, a Bugu da kari, su ne wadanda ba Magnetic kayan. Daga cikin dukkan used tsarin kayan kawai suna da magangara mafi ƙasƙanci thermal watsin da matsakaicin zafi iya aiki, da kuma thermal shrinkage (game da ashirin sau fi da cewa daga karfe). Dalilin da asarar tightness na daban-daban sealing majalisai a low yanayin zafi ne da ake kira vitrification roba, kazalika da tsattsauran bambanci tsakanin coefficients na fadada daga karfe da roba a vitrified jihar.

inji Properties

Polymeric kayan da mai fadi da kewayon inji Properties wanda suna sosai dogara a kan su tsari. Baya ga wannan wuri, da babban tasiri a kan inji Properties daga cikin kayan iya samun wani iri-iri waje dalilai. Wadannan sun hada da :. zazzabi, mita, duration, ko kudi na loading, irin jaddada jihar, matsa lamba, yanayin yanayi, zafi magani, da dai sauransu A peculiarity na inji Properties na polymeric kayan ne su gwada da high ƙarfi a sosai low stiffness (as idan aka kwatanta da karafa).

A polymers za a iya raba m, wanda yayi dace da modulus na elasticity E = 1.10 GPA (fiber, film, roba), da kuma taushi elastomeric abu, da elasticity modulus ne E = 1-10 MPa (roba). Kuma inji da lalata biyu ne daban-daban.

Domin polymeric kayan halin da pronounced anisotropy na Properties, kazalika da rage ƙarfi, creep ci gaban bayar shafe tsawon loading. A daidai wannan lokaci suna da wani fairly high jure gajiya. A kwatanta da karafa, su ne mafi karfi dogaro na inji Properties a kan zazzabi. Daya daga cikin manyan halaye na polymeric kayan ne a deformability (ductility). A cewar wannan siga a fadi da kewayon yanayin zafi soma don kimanta su na asali aiki da fasaha Properties.

Polymeric kayan for bene

Yanzu, ka yi la'akari daya embodiment na m aikace-aikace na polymers, fitai da duk yiwu kewayon wadannan kayan. Wadannan abubuwa sun sami m aikace-aikace a cikin shiri da kuma gyara da kuma karewa aiki, musamman a cikin shafi na benaye. A babbar shahararsa shi ne saboda da halaye na abubuwa a cikin tambaya: su ne resistant zuwa abrasion, maloteploprovodny, da ruwa kadan sha, da karfi isa, kuma m, mallaka high halaye na Paint. Yi na polymeric kayan za a iya raba uku kungiyoyin: linoleum (yi), takardar kayayyakin da aka cakuda da na'urar screed. Yanzu bari mu ɗan dubi kowane daga cikinsu.

Linoleum samar da iri dabam dabam fillers da polymers. Abun da ke ciki na iya kuma sun hada da plasticizers, aiki AIDS, da kuma pigments. Dangane da irin polymer abu, bambanta polyester (Gliphtal), polyvinyl chloride, roba, kolloksilinovye da sauran coatings. Haka kuma, suna da fasali mai zuwa kashi baseless kuma tare da sound-, insulating tushe unilamellar da multilamellar, tare da santsi, corrugated da fleecy surface da aya, da kuma Multi-launi.

Tiling kayan sanya dangane polymeric aka gyara, da sosai low abrasion juriya, sunadarai juriya da karko. Dangane da irin albarkatun kasa, da irin wannan polymer kayayyakin kasu kashi kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, roba, fenolitovye, bitumen tiles, kazalika da barbashi jirgin da kuma fiberboard.

Materials for screeds ne ya fi dace da hygienic don amfani, suna da babban karfin. Wadannan garwayayye za a iya raba Polymer-, polymer kankare da polyvinyl acetate.