Sarkin sarakuna Adrian: shekaru na gwamnati da kuma abubuwan da ke sha'awa

Wanda ya yi mulki a 117-138 AD., The Roman Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian aka haife shi a '76. An haife shi a yankin mallaka na Italica, wanda yake a lardin Betique kusa da Seville ta zamani. Adrian shi ne dan jarida Publius Iliya Adrian Afro (wato, Afrika, an ba da wannan sunan ga mahaifinsa a matsayin sakamako na aikinsa a Mauritania). Mahaifiyar yaron ita ce Domitia Paulina, asali daga Mutanen Espanya Hades. Sarkin sarakuna Adrian ya kasance na aristocracy. Mahaifinsa a kan iyayen mahaifinsa na daga cikin Majalisar Dattijai kuma mijin Aunt Trajan. Wannan sarki, wanda ya yi mulki a cikin 98-117 shekaru., The isowa na Adrian dan uwan ta kawu, ya zama waliyyinsa ya yi bayan mutuwar yaro iyayen a '85.

Matasa

Sarki Adrian na gaba zai zaɓi aikin soja. Ya zama jarumi a cikin legions, yana aiki a cikin manyan ƙasashen Turai: Upper Jamus, Lower Moesia da Lower Pannonia. A hannun dama na Trajan, Adrian ya tafi tare da shi a kan hanyarsa zuwa Roma, lokacin da yake shirin shiga kursiyin. A babban birnin kasar, sojoji sun yi aure. Matarsa ita ce Vibiya Sabina, 'yar' yar yar sabuwar sarki.

Daga nan Adrian ya zama mai haɗari, ya umurci wani soja kuma yayi aiki a matsayin jagora a lokacin yakin Dacian. A wani lokaci ya kasance gwamnan a Lower Pannonia, wanda sarki ya ba da gudummawar. Adrian ya bambanta ta hanyar sabis mai kyau da ingantaccen aiki. A cikin 108, halayen halaye ya ba shi damar zama mashawarci. Ga daular, lokaci ne mai damu - mahimman siffofin ikon jihohi sun amsa matsaloli masu yawa na zamanin. Da farko da yaki da Partiya, Adrian ya tafi Syria, inda ya zama gwamna a lardin iyaka.

Dan hanya zuwa Trajan

A cikin Adadin na AD AD Adrian ya zama gwarzo a karo na biyu. Duk da haka, tun wannan lokacin rani, Trajan ya mutu kuma wata tambaya mai wuya ta tashi game da canza ikon ga magajinsa. Kwana uku labarai na mutuwar sarki ya kasance asiri ga mutane. Elites sun yi ƙoƙarin yarda da wanda zai zama sabon shugaban jihar. Kashegari bayan mutuwar Trajan, an sami son zuciyarsa, inda ya karbi Adrian kuma ya ba shi dama ga kursiyin. Tabbatar da matarsa Pompey Plotinus ta tabbatar da gaskiyar mutuwar matar.

Duk da haka, labarai na tallafawa tayar da shakka. Bayan bin gadon sarautar Adrian, har ma da sabon tsabar kudi tare da hoto na bayanin martabarsa wanda aka ba shi kyautar Kaisar, amma ba Augustus, an ba da shi ba. Duk da haka, ikon canja wuri na har yanzu ya faru. Maganar hukunci ita ce ga sojojin, kuma ta goyi bayan mai neman, wanda sanannen sojoji ne sananne. Harkokin adawa ga sabon shugaban zai iya fitowa a majalisar dattijai, amma magoya bayan majalisar dattijai, suna neman kansu ba tare da haɗuwa ba, tare da farauta ko a'a, amma sun san sabon masarautar.

Mai zaman lafiya

Na farko, sabon sarki Adrian ya bayyana magajinsa da mai kula da shi. Don haka dole ne ya sami izini daga Majalisar Dattijan. Rhetoric na mai mulki game da manyan mashahuran ya kasance musamman. Aikin autocrat ya bi da sha'anin 'yan majalisar dattijai da girmamawa da gargadi. A gaskiya ma, an fara aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zalunci, Adrian kansa ya fara. Sarkin sarakuna na Roma ya yi alkawarin ba za a kashe mai mulkin ba, idan ba ta dame shi ba wajen aiwatar da manufofi na zaman kanta.

Bukatar kula da kanka ba damuwa bane. Hadiryan ra'ayoyin ya bambanta da hanyoyi da yawa daga waɗanda Trajan yayi amfani dashi. Sabuwar sarki ya ƙi karuwa a gabas. Dalilin haka shi ne babbar rikici a Mesopotamiya. Saboda su, mulkin Sarkin Hadrian ya fara da gaskiyar cewa ya yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali a iyakar. A umurninsa, legions sun tsayar da yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Parthia. Kasashen da ke tsakanin Farisa da kuma Roman Empire sun kasance a hannun hannun gundumar vassal.

Manufofin sulhuntawa da sauri ya ba da sakamakon. An kawar da tashin hankali. Bayan nasarar farko, Adrian ya juya ya ga bankunan Danube. Ta hanyar kogin gefen kogi a cikin jihar Roman ya fara shiga mamaye da kuma Sarmatians. Sojoji sun karya wadannan makamai wadanda suka fito daga bakin teku na Black Sea. A cikin makwabcin Dacia Adrian ya sami sayen Trajan, ya gabatar da sabon tsarin gudanarwa da rarraba lardin cikin sassa uku.

Sarkin sarakuna da Aristocracy

Winter Adrian ya wuce shekaru 118 a Bithynia da Nicodiya. A can ne ya ji labarai game da fitina a cikin babban birnin kasar. A wannan lokacin a Roma ya fara shugabancin Pretoria Attian a cikin babu sarki ya kashe mutane da dama da ake zargi da cin amana. Daga cikin su shi ne Lucius Konst, wanda Adrian ya ba da daɗewa kafin ya cire daga matsayinsa na gwamna a ƙasar Yahudiya. Sauran hukuncin shi ne Gay Avidiy Nigrin, wanda aka dauka mai yiwuwa zai maye gurbin sarki.

Bayan ya koyi tashin hankali, Adrian ya koma Roma. Ya kamata ya nuna wa Majalisar Dattijai cewa ba shi da hannu a mutuwar manyan jami'ai. A karshen wannan, sarki ya yi hadaya, ya raunana Attian daga mukaminsa a matsayin shugaban masarautar. Duk da haka, wannan labarin ya ba da tasiri game da dangantakar tsakanin Agusta da Majalisar Dattijai.

Haɗin kai ga larduna

Adireshin Adrian shi ne sarki na Roma wanda, a bayan magabatan magabatansa da magabata, ya yi tafiya a duk fadin sarauta. Ya cancanci ya ɗauki daya daga cikin mafi yawan matafiya masu tsufa. Hakan na tafiye-tafiye zuwa larduna ya fada kan shekaru 121-132. A kowace birni sarki ya karbi 'yan ƙasa, ya koyi matsalolin su kuma ya warware matsalolin da suka fi matsaloli.

Da yake samun ra'ayoyin game da kasarsa, Adrian ya umarci sakin jerin tsabar kudi, wanda ya kasance siffofin cibiyoyin kowane lardin Roman. A gefuna daban daban na jihar an bayyana su a siffar mace. Dukansu sun sãɓã wa jũna, sun kasance suna da halayen halayen halayen: Asiya Asiya, Masar ibis, wasanni na Helenawa, da dai sauransu.

Adrian ya zama sarki na farko ya bar watsi da akidar cewa mulkin zai kasance ne kawai don kare lafiyar Roma. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kansa manufar ƙirƙirar daga wata ƙasa mai girma da kwayar halitta mai rai, daidai da abin da ba a taɓa samun tarihin ɗan adam ba. A cikin autocrat ya ga daular da ba a ci nasara ba, kuma ya mallaki ƙasashe, amma ya kasance da 'yanci da yawancin al'ummomi daban-daban suka rayu. Har ila yau, Hadrian ya damu da harkokin da ke cikin lardunan, ba tare da canzawa ba, a dukan mulkinsa.

Travel Adriana

Makasudin farko na farko na Hadrian shine Gallia. Sarkin ya ziyarci larduna, dake cikin kwandon Rhine da Danube. Sai ya ziyarci Birtaniya mai nisa. A kan umarnin Kaisar a arewacin tsibirin ya fara gina gine-gine mai tsawo, wanda ya kare kayan mallakar Roma daga abokan Caledonia.

A cikin 122 AD, Adrian ya sake ziyarci Gaul, wannan lokaci a yankunan kudancin. A birnin Nemaus (Nimes na zamani), ya kafa haikalin don girmama matar da ta rasu a baya-bayan nan, Trajan Pompeii Platina. Sarkin sarakuna yayi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari ya jaddada tsoronsa game da danginsa da iyalinsa. A Italiya, inda aka haifi Adrian, sarki Roman ya ziyarci hunturu na gaba, daga inda ya koma Mauritania da Afrika.

A cikin 123, dangantaka tsakanin Roma da Partiya sun tsira wata gwaji na ƙarfin. Tsoron yakin, Adrian ya ziyarci gabashin kasar. Ya yi ma'amala tare da Farisa kuma ya karyata halin da ake ciki. A lokacin wannan tafiya sai sarki ya ziyarci Palmyra da Antakiya. A shekara ta gaba, Adress ya fara zuwa Thrace, inda ya kafa gari da sunansa Adrianople. Wannan cibiyar siyasa da al'adu ta tsira daga mulkin. A zamanin Baizantine, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin lardin. A yau birnin yana da sunan Turkish mai suna Edirne.

Mutuwar tafiya ta sarki zuwa Girka. A lokacin daya daga cikinsu, Agusta da kaina ya shiga cikin labaran Eleusinian - addini mafi muhimmanci na Hellenistic na shekara daya da aka keɓe ga alloli na Farfesa Persephone da Demeter. Haka kuma ya lura cewa sarki ya hau saman dutsen Etna a Sicily. Tafiya a kusa da daular, Adrian ya ci gaba da wasu duwatsu (misali, Cassius a Siriya). Agusta da daukaka Masar sun ziyarci. Ya kai Colossi na Memnon - siffofin dutse na Fir'auna Amenhotep III, wanda ya tsaya a Thebes domin shekaru 1500.

Ginin sababbin ginin

Don halaye na sarauta da kuma hali, yana da muhimmanci cewa Adrian ya kasance sarki na Roma, wanda labarinsa ya zama misali na soja mai nasara wanda ya shiga siyasa. Ya zama sarki, ya fara sau da yawa zuwa sojojin. Sarkin sarakuna ya ziyarci kuma ya kula da dakarun, yayinda suke lura da basirarsu da basirarsu. Tun da Adrian ya ci gaba da fadada karfin Romawa, legions dole ne su sake canza rayuwarsu. An kaddamar da gwagwarmaya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, an jefa su a kan karfafa yankunan iyakar.

A lokacin Hadrian tare da sassan jihohi, an gina mahimman ƙididdigar matakan tsaro. Babban asalin mulki ya fito a arewacin Birtaniya. Wannan da aka riga aka ambata bango, wanda ake kira bangon Hadrian, ya miƙa daga hanyar Salt to the Mystery har ma ya tsira har yau. An gina shi da turf da dutse. Siffofin al'ada na bango sun kasance ƙuƙwalwa a cikin wasikar V. Salama mai ƙarfi na Birtaniya ta Roma ta kariya ta ƙananan ƙofofin da dogayen hasumiyoyi, waɗanda mafi kyawun magunguna suka yi aiki. A} alla, kusan mutane dubu goma sha biyar ne ke tsare garun. A arewacin ita ita ce Cabaronia marar kyau.

Irin wannan gado ya bayyana a Girka da Jamus. An saka su a inda babu wata iyakokin yanayi (misali, koguna). An gudanar da wani sashe na tsawon miliyon 200 a tsakanin Danube da Rhine. An dasa wannan itace da wani katako na itace kuma kewaye da makamai.

Canje-canjen a cikin sojojin

Na gode wa manufofin Adrian, manyan ƙauyuka da ke zaune kusa da kan iyakar. Sun bayyana kusa da sansani na soja. Shugabannin sun yi ƙoƙari su ɓoye daga maƙwabtan da ke kusa da ƙauyuka.

Hanyar rayuwa ta sojojin kuma ta canza. Yanzu sojoji ba kawai yakin ba ne, amma sun dasa dawakai, gina gine-gine, kayan aiki, kayan tsaro da kayan hatsi, da kuma shiga aikin gona. Wadanda suka daina yin motsi daga larduna zuwa lardin lardin sun bunkasa filin ayyukan su. Yanzu sun warware matsalar tattalin arziki.

Dukkanin wadannan sababbin abubuwa ne Adrian ya karfafa. Sarkin Roma, wanda hotuna na busts ya nuna mana wani mutum mai ban sha'awa da kuma kyakkyawan mutum a cikin farar hula, ba tare da damuwa ba game da harkokin sojojin, wanda shine tushen kashin da zaman lafiya da wadata da wata babbar jiha. Adrian ya bukaci horo mai tsanani kuma a lokaci guda ya san yadda za a yi magana tare da sojoji tare da tausayi. Ya kai ziyara yau da kullum, ya ba abinci da rai tare da legionaries. Da kansa, yana fitowa daga yankin soja, sarki ya ba da babbar jinƙai ga 'yan jarida da jami'an. Mafi girman saboda haka a lokacin mulkin Hadrian a cikin daular ba wanda ya kasance yana cikin mutuny.

Ƙungiyar Yahudawa

Yawancin lokacin Adrian ya kasance salama. Kusan yaƙi mai tsanani ya tashi a 132, tun kusa da ƙarshen mulkinsa. Yaƙin Yahudawa a Yahudiya ya fara. Dalilin tashin hankali shi ne gina ginin Roman a Urushalima. Maganar wannan tashin hankali shine Saminu Bar-Kokhba. 'Yan tawaye sun ɗauki Urushalima suka kori Romawa daga cikinta. Hannun da aka yi amfani da makamai ya dauki shekaru uku.

Ayyukan sojojin sun jagoranci Adrian da kansa lokaci-lokaci. Sarkin sarakuna na Roma ya kasance a lokacin faɗuwar Urushalima a 134 AD. Bayan 'yan watanni bayan wannan labarin, sai gawarwakin da aka kwashe wadanda suka warwatse. Halin da aka yi wa Yahudawa ya razana. Musamman, an haramta musu kaciya.

Mutuwa da al'adun gargajiya

Kasancewa ga kursiyin shine babbar matsala da ke fuskantar Adrian. Sarkin Roma bai taba samun yara ba. Halinsa da matarsa Vibia Sabina sun yi sanyi sosai. Ta mutu a cikin 128. Bayan shekaru takwas, Adrian ya karbi Lucia Commode, amma bai mutu ba. Babban magajin gari na gaba shi ne Anthony Pius. Don tabbatar da dadewa gaba da iko da na gaba tsara gaje Hadrian umurni da ya dauko Lukiyas Verus da Marcus Aurelius. Dukansu daga baya suka zama sarakuna. Adrian kansa ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 138. Don hutunsa a Roma, an gina mausoleum a gaba. A yau an san shi da masallacin Saint Angela.

Adrian shi ne sarki na Roma, wanda ranar haihuwar (Janairu 24, 76) ta fadi ne a kan ranar al'adar arna. Sarkin sarakuna shine ainihin zamaninsa. Yana sha'awar sihiri, astrology kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan addini. Adrian ya rubuta waƙa da yawa, litattafai masu ƙauna kuma a koyaushe ya yi magana da masu marubuta mafi kyawun zamani. Ya kuma sha'awar gine-gine da fasaha. A lokacin Adrian a cikin daular wani sabon nau'i na zane-zane ya tashi, wanda yake da al'adar Girkanci. Ya kasance farkon watan Agusta da za a nuna a cikin wani hoto da aka ƙera da gemu.

'Yan wasa na Roma da kuma masu horar da su suna da sha'awar sarki Adrian da Antinous - mashahuriyar da ta dace. An kashe wannan saurayi a cikin Nilu a cikin 130. Adrian ya umurci kafa addinin addini na Antinous, kuma tun daga wancan lokaci an girmama shi a matsayin allah.

Gaskiya game da sarki

Adrian na sha'awar tsarin gine-ginen ya kasance mafi kyau a cikin gidansa a wuraren da ke kusa da birnin Rome Tibur, wanda aka gina a gindin tsaunuka da itatuwan zaitun. Gidan masarautar sarki ya nuna nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, na al'ada ga larduna daban-daban na jihar, inda ya ziyarta. Adrian ya kewaye kansa da masu jarrabawar gine-gine kuma ya umurce su su kirkiro wani sabon abu. Sakamakon bincike ya zama tubali mai laushi na brick, kama da wanda ba a cikin Roma ba. Don haka a cikin daular akwai hakikanin juyin juya hali da kuma hanyar da aka tsara don ƙaddamar da hadaddun ƙaddamarwa, wanda ya sauko don sauya madaidaicin hanyoyi, an haifi shi.

Agusta da kanta ba zai ƙayyade kansa ba ga sababbin abubuwa kawai tare da gidansa. Adrian shi ne sarki na Roma, wanda mulkinsa (117-138) ya fadi zuwa ga mafi girma na bautar gumaka. A girmama su pantheon ya sake a cikin Champ de Mars. A shafin gidan tsohon haikalin ya bayyana sabon gini na siffar zagaye. Hadrian pantheon shi ne farkon irin tsarin inda masu bi suka taru.

Da nufin sarki, kusa da dandalin Roman, an gina ginin Roma da Venus. Gidan gine-ginen ya gina gine-gine na addini don girmama Trajan, wanda aka ƙidaya daga cikin alloli. A Athens, sarki ya fara gyaran Haikali na Zeus. Babu shakka cewa Sarkin Hadrian, wanda tarihinsa ya haɗa da yawancin tafiye-tafiye zuwa gabas na kasarsa, Hellenophile ne na gaskiya.