St. Tikhon - sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha

Figure sarki Tikhon (Bellavina) a hanyoyi da dama ne da wani alama, a key da tarihi na Rasha Orthodox Church a XX karni. A wannan yanayi, da rawar ba za a iya overestimated. Gaskiyar cewa mutum shi ne Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, da kuma abin da aka alama ransa, za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Haihuwa da kuma ilimi

Tikhon, nan gaba shugaban na Rasha Orthodox Church aka mai suna a lokacin da zuhudu alkawuransu. The duniya da aka sunansa Basil. Ya aka haife Janairu 19, 1865 a wani kauye a cikin Pskov lardin. Na ga limaman, Basil quite ta halitta ya fara aiki tare da Church shigar da seminary, kuma bayan daga gare ta, ya ci gaba da karatu a seminary. A karshe, bayan kammala karatu daga seminary Hakika, Basil ya tafi St. Petersburg don kammala karatun shi a cikin tauhidin Academy katangu.

Koma Pskov

Petersburg Academy of Vasily kammala karatunsa tare da wani mataki a cikin tauhidin a matsayi na layman. Sa'an nan kuma, kamar yadda wani malami, ya zo a mayar da Pskov wanda ya zama wani malami da kuma yawan tarbiyya tauhidin Faransa. Tsarki umarni, ya ba ya yarda, saboda rage celibate. A asalin {sirri rayuwa bisa ga canons na Church ya hana mutum ya zama firist.

Zuhudu alkawuransu kuma keɓewa,

Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, Basil yanke shawarar da ya zabi wani daban-daban hanya - a m. Tonsure aka sanya a cikin 1891, Disamba 14, a cikin seminary coci na Pskov. Wannan lokacin Vasily aka mai suna sabon sunan - Tikhon. Wucewa da hadisin a kan rana ta biyu bayan da sabuwar tonsured m wajabta hierodeacon. Amma a cikin wannan matsayin da yake da shi ya zama short-rayu. Tuni a cikin wadannan episcopal hidima, ya aka wajabta zuwa firistoci.

ecclesiastical aiki

Pskov Tikhon aka canjawa wuri a cikin 1892, a Kholmsk seminary, inda 'yan watanni mukaddashin sufeto. Sa'an nan a matsayin rector, ya aka aiko zuwa Kazan seminary, a lokaci guda samu daraja da Archimandrite. A wannan matsayi, Tikhon Bellavin zauna cikin shekaru biyar, har da shawarar da Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista da aka ba zabe su tashi a cikin episcopal hidima.

episcopal ma'aikata

Episcopal keɓewa, da Uba Tikhon da aka gudanar a St. Petersburg, sufi Aleksandra Nevskogo. A sashen zama na farko da m Kholmsk-Warsaw Diocese, inda Tikhon aiki a matsayin vicar bishop. A gaba manyan aiki ne kawai a 1905, lokacin da Tikhon aika zuwa ga daraja da Archbishop na Diocese na North America gudanar. Bayan shekaru biyu, sai ya koma zuwa Rasha, inda domin da aka bai wa sashen Yaroslavl. Bayan wannan, na gaba saduwa a Lithuania, da kuma karshe a 1917, Tikhon dagagge zuwa ga daraja da Lardi na Moscow da kuma nada kocin na diocese.

A zaben na sarki

Ya kamata a tuna cewa tun lokacin Petra Velikogo gyãra, kuma har 1917 shi ne ba da sarki a Rasha Orthodox Church. A m shugaban da Church na Confucius a lokacin shi ne monarch wanda ya wakilai da m dalĩli daga cikin manyan m da kuma Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista. A 1917 a wannan shekara, da gida majalisa, daya daga cikin mafita daga abin da yake da sabuntawa na patriarchate. Bisa ga sakamakon zabe da kuma Draw wannan sabis, ya kuma an zabe Lardi Tikhon. A sarautarsa ya faru a ranar 4 Disamba 1917. Tun wannan lokacin ya zama da hukuma lakabi da wannan - Mai Tsarki Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha.

patriarchal ma'aikata

Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa patriarchate Tikhon samu a wuya lokacin da coci da kuma jihar lokaci. Juyin juya halin da kuma sakamakon yakin basasa raba kasar a cikin rabin. Ya riga ya fara aiwatar da zalunci na addini, da kuma Orthodox Church, kazalika. Limaman da kuma aiki faduwa da ake zargi da counterrevolutionary aiki da ya fi tsanani, a takaice da kuma azabtarwa. A wani nan take, da coci aiki a matsayin wata jiha akidar for ƙarni, ya rasa kusan dukan iko.

Saboda haka, St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, kai wani babban alhakin da rabo daga cikin aminci da kuma na ecclesiastical ma'aikata. Ya yi kokari a kowace hanya don tabbatar da zaman lafiya, na kira da'a hadakai da Soviet gwamnati domin kawo karshen danniya da kuma bude adawa da addini da manufofin. Duk da haka, ya gargaɗinsa gare aka ba ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi, da kuma St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, sau da yawa ne kawai zai iya shiru watch da zaluntar cewa bayyana kanta cikin Rasha dangane da aminci, kuma musamman malamai. Rufe saukar gidajen ibada, majami'u da makarantu na Church. Mutane da yawa firistoci da bishops aka kashe, kurkuku, ya aika zuwa aiki sansani ko kõre su karkata daga cikin kasar.

Sarki Tikhon da Soviet gwamnati

Da farko Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, aka yi tsayayya ga Bolshevik gwamnati ne sosai karfi. Saboda haka, a farkon hidimarsa da sarki, ya yi kaifi jama'a zargi da Soviet gwamnati da kuma ko da excommunicated daga coci wakilan. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa Tihon Belavin, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, ya ce cewa Bolshevik manajoji suke yi "ayyukan Shaiɗan," ga abin da suka da zũriyarsu zai fada da la'ana a cikin wannan dũniya, kuma a cikin afterlife - na jiran "wuta geensky". Duk da haka, irin wannan ecclesiastical rhetoric sanya wani ra'ayi a kan} ungiyoyin ikon, yawancin abin da ya dade da aka ba fashi karya da duk addini da kuma guda cẽwa akidar kokarin kallafa musu da halitta jihar. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa kiran sarki Tikhon alama na farko da ranar tunawa da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da lõkacin fatara daga tashin hankali da a saki fursunonin da, hukuma ba ta amsa.

St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma obnovlencheskoe motsi

Daya daga cikin sababbin manufofi, da hukumomin da addini kunshi a wajen qaddamar da wani da ake kira tsaga Renovationist. Wannan ya yi domin rushe hadin kan coci da aminci su karya da adawa da bangaren. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a nan gaba domin rage ikon da limaman cikin mutane, da kuma, saboda haka, domin rage tasirin da addini (sau da yawa siyasa tinged da anti-Soviet sautin) da yin wa'azi.

Renovationists tashi zuwa banner na ideas na canji na Rasha coci, ya dade a cikin iska na Rasha Orthodoxy. Duk da haka, tare da sake fasalin na zalla addini, al'ada da kuma doctrinal Renovationists karfi da maraba da siyasa canji. Su tantama rastozhdestvlyali su addini sani da monarchical ra'ayin, jaddada biyayyarsu ga Soviet gwamnatin, har ma gane kamar yadda istinbadi a wasu hanya tsõro da wasu neobnovlencheskih, m rassan Orthodoxy. A obnovlencheskoe motsi malalo yawa mambobi ne na limaman Kirista da kuma yawan bishops suka ƙi sanin ikon sarki Tikhon.

A bambanci ga patriarchal coci tsãgewar ƙwãyar da sauran Renovationists dadin da goyon bayan da hukuma hukumomi da kuma daban-daban gata. A musu kayan da aka ba dama daga cikin haikalin da kuma sauran coci dukiya da kuma dukiyarsa. Bugu da kari, da haramta shi na'ura na Bolsheviks kagaggun kauce masa da magoya bayan wannan yunkuri, shi ya sa shi da sauri ya zama wani taro na mutane da kuma tafin kafa istinbadi cikin sharuddan wadanda mutane dokoki.

Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, bi da bi, ya ki gane da halaccinta a kan wani ɓangare na coci canons. Ciki coci rikici kai ta koli a lokacin da Renovationists a kan babban coci hana Tikhon patriarchate. Hakika, ya bai yarda da shawararsu, da kuma sakamako da shi ba a gane. Duk da haka, tun wancan lokaci ya yi yãƙi ba kawai predatory hali na samun ikon fassara Mafarki gwamnati, amma kuma tare da schismatics-religionists. A karshen shã'aninku ƙwarai nauyaya matsayinsa a matsayin m zargin da shi da aka ba a hade tare da addini, kuma da manufofin: St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, sami kansa ba zato ba tsammani wata alama ce da counter-juyin juya halin da kuma tsarism.

Kama, a gidan yari, da kuma samun 'yanci,

Kan bango na wadannan abubuwan, akwai wani da ya faru da cewa galvanized da jama'a, ba wai kawai a Rasha amma kuma kasashen waje. Muna magana ne game da kamun da kuma a gidan yari, ya sha wahala da St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow. Dalilin wannan shi ne ya kaifi zargi na Soviet gwamnatin, da kin amincewa Renovationism da matsayi dauka shi dangane da aiwatar da kwata na coci dukiya. Da farko Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, aka kira su zuwa ga kotu a matsayin shaida. Amma sai ya sauri tabbatar da kansa a cikin jirgin ruwan. A cikin duniya da wannan taron sa a rawa.

Wakilai daga cocin Katolika, da shugabannin yawa Orthodox gida coci, Arhiepiskop Kenterberiysky da sauransu sharply soki Soviet gwamnatin dangane da kama da sarki. Wannan show shari'a ya zuwa raunana matsayi na Orthodox Church ga Renovators da kuma murkushe duk juriya muminai daga cikin sabuwar gwamnati. Kebewa Tikhon iya samun, kawai ta rubuta wata wasika, wanda aka fili tuba ga anti-Soviet ayyuka da kuma goyon baya ga counter-neman sauyi sojojin, amma kuma su bayyana abin da biyayya ga Soviet tsarin mulki. Kuma ya dauki wannan mataki.

A sakamakon haka, da Bolsheviks yanke shawarar biyu matsaloli - neutralized da barazana da counter-neman sauyi mataki da Tikhonites da kuma hana kara ci gaba da Renovationism domin ko gaba daya aminci ga addini tsarin da aka ba kyawawa a jihar, wanda aka dogara ne a kan akida da basu yarda. Daidaita da ikon da sarki Tikhon da Koli Church Administration Renovationist motsi, da Bolsheviks iya ƙidaya a kan aminci sojojin za a yi amfani da su yi yaƙi da juna, maimakon tare da Soviet hukumomi, wanda ya dauki amfani da wannan halin da ake ciki, shi zai iya kawo cikin addini factor a kasar don wani m, har zuwa darkãkẽwa na addini cibiyoyin.

Mutuwa, kuma canonization

A karshe shekaru na rayuwar sarki Tikhon aka tsara don kula da doka matsayi na Rasha Orthodox Church. Don yin wannan, sai ya tafi a kan wani jerin daidaitawa da hukumomi a fannin siyasa yanke shawara, da kuma ko da coci da sake fasalin. Da kiwon lafiya da aka gurgunta bayan da Sahaban ce ya shekarunsu. Bisa ga rayuwa Tikhon, sarki na Moscow, ya rasu a ranar da Gaske Shelar, Afrilu 7, 1925, at 23.45. Wannan bi na tsawon dogon rashin lafiya. A jana'izar St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, ya samu halartar fiye da hamsin da ikkilisiya da kuma fiye da ɗari biyar firistoci. Laymen shi sosai cewa ko da a ce ban kwana ga shi, da yawa ya tsaya a layin a ƙarfe tara. Kamar yadda St. Tikhon, sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, aka canonized a 1989 a Cathedral na Moscow Patriarchate.