Sunadaran: Tsarin protein da aiki

Sunadaran sunadaran kwayoyin. Wadannan magungunan kwayoyin halitta suna cikin wani abun da ke ciki kuma sun rushe cikin amino acid a lokacin hydrolysis. Kwayoyin protein na iya zama daga nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, yawancin su sun hada da nau'ikan sassan polypeptide. Bayani game da tsari na gina jiki an sanya shi a cikin DNA, kuma ana kiran hanyar fassara fasalin kira kwayoyin sunadaran.

Chemical abun da ke ciki na sunadarai

Abubuwan da ke cikin nauyin haɗin sun ƙunshi:

• 52% na carbon;
• 7% hydrogen;
• 12% nitrogen;
• 21% oxygen;
• 3% sulfur.

Kwayoyin protein su ne polymers. Domin fahimtar tsarin su, ya zama dole don gano abin da suke da shi - amino acid.

Amino acid

An rarraba su zuwa kashi biyu: suna faruwa a kowane lokaci kuma wani lokaci sukan faru. Tsohon samar da 18 gina jiki monomers amide da kuma 2: aspartic acid da kuma glutamic acid. Wani lokaci akwai nau'o'i uku kawai.

Wadannan acid za a iya rarraba su a hanyoyi daban-daban: ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na gefe ko cajin su, kuma za a raba su da yawan kungiyoyin CN da COOH.

Tsarin tsari na gina jiki

Hanyoyin amino acid a cikin sarkar sarkar sun ƙayyade matakan da ya dace na kungiyar, dukiya da ayyuka. Babban hanyar sadarwa tsakanin monomers ne peptide. An kafa shi ta hanyar cirewar hydrogen daga aminexlot da kungiyar OH daga ɗayan.

Matsayi na farko na ƙungiyar kwayoyin sunadarai shine jerin amino acid din a ciki, kawai sarkar da ke tabbatar da tsarin kwayoyin sunadaran. Ya ƙunshi "skeleton" yana da tsari na yau da kullum. Wannan jerin jerin -NH-CH-CO-. Kayan sassan gefe daya ne wakilan amino acid (R) suna wakilta, dukiyoyinsu sun ƙayyade abun da ke cikin tsarin sunadaran.

Ko da ma tsarin kwayoyin sunadarai iri ɗaya ne, zasu iya bambanta da kaddarorin kawai daga gaskiyar cewa sunadaran suna da jerin daban a sarkar. Dokar amino acid a cikin sunadarai an ƙayyade ta kwayoyin halitta kuma ya umurci wasu ayyuka na halitta zuwa ga gina jiki. Hanyoyin monomers a cikin kwayoyin da ke da alhakin aikin ɗaya suna sau da yawa kusa da jinsunan daban. Irin wannan kwayoyin sune iri ɗaya ko kama a cikin ƙungiya kuma suna aikata nau'ikan ayyuka a cikin nau'ikan jinsunan halitta - sunadarai homologus. Tsarin, kaddarorin da ayyuka na kwayoyin nan gaba suna dage farawa a mataki na kira na jerin amino acid.

Wasu siffofi na musamman

An tsara tsarin sunadarai a dogon lokaci, kuma nazarin tsarin su na farko ya sanya wasu jigilar. Domin mafi yawan sunadaran halin da gaban dukan ashirin amino acid, wanda musamman manyan glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine da kuma kadan tryptophan, arginine, methionine, histidine. Hannun kawai ƙananan sunadaran sunadaran, alal misali, tarihi. Ana buƙatar su don samarda DNA kuma suna dauke da tarihin tarihi.

Hanya na biyu: a cikin sunadarin sunadarai babu alamomi a cikin sauyawa na amino acid. Amma ko da a cikin nazarin halittun polypeptides daga aikin nazarin halittu, akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin kwayoyin.

Tsarin sakandare

Na biyu matakin na kungiyar na polypeptide sarkar - ne ta sarari matsayi, wanda yana kiyaye ta hydrogen shaidu. Rarrabe α-helix da β-fold. Sashin ɓangaren ba shi da tsari wanda aka tsara, ana kiran waɗannan wuraren amorphous.

Haɗin halayen dukkanin sunadarin sunadarai ne mai cin hanci. Hanyoyin amino acids a cikin kwaskwarima suna fuskantar waje kuma suna tsaye a gefen sasanninta. Idan basu kasance ba, ba a haɗa su a gefe daya na karkace ba, wanda ya haifar da arcs wanda ya haifar da yanayi don haɗawa da wurare daban-daban.

Beta-folds - karfi da elongated spirals - tayi daidaitawa a cikin sunadarin sunadaran gefe by gefe da kuma zama a layi daya kuma nonpalellel β-ninka yadudduka.

Tsarin doka na gina jiki

Matsayi na uku na kungiya na kwayoyin sunadarai shine nadawa daga sassa, ƙira da amorphous a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci. Wannan shi ne saboda haɗuwa da radicals na haɗin monomers tare da juna. Irin waɗannan alaƙa sun kasu kashi iri iri:

• An kafa shaidu na Hydrogen tsakanin radicals na polar;
• Hydrophobic - tsakanin raunin R-kungiyoyi marasa ƙarfi;
• electrostatic m sojojin (ionic shaidu) - tsakanin kungiyoyin, da zargin da suke gaban.
• Disulfide gadoji - tsakanin radicals na cysteine.

Sakamakon karshe na haɗin (-S = S-) yana haɗuwa da juna. Disulfide gadoji karfafa sunadarai, su tsarin zama mafi m. Amma haɗin irin wannan haɗin ba lallai ba ne. Alal misali, cysteine zai iya zama ƙananan a cikin sarkar polypeptide, ko kuma alamarta tana gefen gefe kuma baya iya ƙirƙirar "gada".

Matsayi na hudu na kungiyar

Ba'a gina dukkanin sunadarin gina jiki ba. Tsarin sunadarai a matakin na hudu an ƙayyade yawan adadin polypeptide (protomers). Ana danganta su da irin wannan dangantaka kamar matakin da kungiyar ta gabata, sai dai ga gado na disulfide. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi nau'o'i masu yawa, kowane ɗayan yana da tsarin kansa (ko kuma daidai).

Duk matakan kungiyar suna ƙayyade ayyukan da masu samar da sakamakon zasu yi. Tsarin sunadarai a matakin farko na ƙungiya ya dace da kayyade matsayi a cikin tantanin halitta da kwayar halitta.

Ayyukan sunadarai

Zai yi wuya a yi la'akari da yadda muhimmancin sunadarai ke aiki a tantanin halitta. A sama mun dauki tsarin su. Ayyukan sunadarai sun dogara ne akan shi.

Yin aikin tsarin (tsarin), sun zama tushen tushen cytoplasm na kowane kwayar halitta. Wadannan polymers ne babban abu na dukkanin tantanin halitta yayin da suke da hadadden kwayoyin lipids. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da rabuwa da kwayoyin jikinsu a cikin ɗakuna, a cikin kowannensu abin da halayen su ya ci gaba. Gaskiyar ita ce, ga kowane hadaddun tsarin tafiyar da salula sun buƙaci yanayin su, musamman ma pH na matsakaici na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Sunadaran gina wasu sassan jikin da ke rarraba tantanin kwayar halitta a cikin abubuwan da ake kira compartments. Kuma abin mamaki shine ake kira daddatawa.

Ayyukan haɗakarwa shine don tsara dukkanin halayen hawan. All enzymes asalin ne sauki ko hadaddun sunadarai.

Duk wani irin motsi na kwayoyin (aikin tsokoki, motsi na protoplasm a cikin tantanin halitta, da zubar da jini a cikin protozoa, da dai sauransu) ana gudanar da su ta sunadarai. Tsarin sunadaran sun ba su damar motsawa, samar da fibers da zobba. Ayyukan sufuri shine cewa yawancin abubuwa suna dauke da kwayar halitta ta hanyar sunadarai masu sintiri.

Ayyukan hormonal na wadannan polymers sun fahimci nan da nan: yawancin hormones a tsarin sunadarai ne, misali insulin, oxytocin.

Ayyukan ajiyewa sun tabbatar da cewa sunadarai suna iya samar da adibas. Alal misali, kwari na salmon, madara casein, sunadarin sunadarai na shuka - sun ƙunshi babban adadin abubuwan gina jiki.

Dukkanin zane, haɗin gwal, kasusuwan kwarangwal, hoofs sune sunadaran sunadarai, wanda zai jagoranci mu zuwa aikin su na gaba - mai goyon bayan.

Wadannan kwayoyin protein sune masu karɓa, suna mai da hankali ga wasu abubuwa. A cikin wannan rawar, glycoproteins da laccoci an san su sosai.

Abubuwa mafi muhimmanci na rigakafi - cututtuka da kuma samar da tsarin ta asali sunadarai ne. Alal misali, aiwatar da yatsun jini yana dogara ne akan canje-canje a cikin furotin. Wurin da ke ciki na esophagus da ciki suna layi tare da wani tsari mai karewa na sunadaran mucous - lycins. Toxins kuma sune sunadaran asali. Dalili na fata, kare jikin dabbobi, shi ne collagen. Duk waɗannan ayyukan sunadarai suna kare.

To, aiki na karshe shi ne tsari. Akwai sunadaran da ke kula da aikin gwiwar jiki. Wato, suna tsara fassarar rubutu da fassara.

Kowace nauyin sunadarin sunadaran, sunadarai sunadaran sunadarai sunyi sulhu ta dogon lokaci. Kuma yanzu suna bude sababbin hanyoyin amfani da wannan ilimin.