Simple da hadaddun sunadarai. A tsarin, ayyuka, Properties, halaye, da misalai na hadaddun sunadarai

Daya daga cikin ma'anar rayuwa ne kamar haka: "Rayuwa ne yanayin da wanzuwar gina jiki jikinsu." A wannan duniya tamu, ba tare da togiya kwayoyin dauke da irin wannan kwayoyin kayan, kamar sunadarai. Wannan talifin zai bayyana da sauki da hadaddun sunadarai gano bambance-bambance a kwayoyin tsarin, da kuma tattauna da ayyuka a cikin cell.

Menene sunadaran

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na Biochemistry - a high kwayoyin nauyi kwayoyin polymers, monomers wanda suke 20 daban-daban na amino acid. Suna shiga tare da covalent sinadaran shaidu, in ba haka ba da aka sani peptide. Tun gina jiki monomers ne amphoteric mahadi, suka dauke biyu wani amino kungiyar da kuma wani carboxyl aikin kungiyar. Chemical bond CO-NH tsakanin su auku.

Idan polypeptide kunshi amino acid sharan links, shi Forms wani sauki gina jiki. Kwayoyin na polymer, da kara hada da karfe ions, bitamin, nucleotides, carbohydrates - ne hadaddun sunadarai. Next, mun yi la'akari da na sarari tsarin polypeptides.

Matsayin kungiyar na gina jiki

Suna gabatar a hudu daban-daban jeri. A farko tsarin - mikakke, shi ne mafi sauki, kuma yana da wani nau'i na polypeptide sarkar a lokacin da Bazuwar samuwar ƙarin hydrogen shaidu. Su dattako da Helix, wanda aka kira da sakandare tsarin. Manyan makarantu da sauki da hadaddun sunadarai, yawancin shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin. A karshen sanyi - quaternary taso a cikin hulda da dama kwayoyin na cikin 'yan qasar tsarin, united coenzymes, wato irin sunadaran da hadaddun tsarin, aiki a daban-daban jikin ayyuka.

A iri-iri sauki sunadaran

Wannan kungiya ne ba yawa polypeptides. Su kwayoyin kunshi kawai na amino acid sharan. Don hada da sunadarai, kamar histones da globulins. A farko wakilci a cikin zuciyar tsarin, da kuma ake hada tare da DNA din. Na biyu kungiyar - globulins - ne babban aka gyara daga jini jini. Irin wannan mai gina jiki kamar gamma globulin, ya yi aikin ayyuka na rigakafi da kariya da kuma ke da wani antibody. Wadannan mahadi iya samar da gidaje, wanda dauke da hadaddun carbohydrates da kuma sunadarai. Irin wannan fibrillar sauki sunadarai kamar Collagen da Elastin, wani bangare ne na connective nama, guringuntsi, tendons, fata. Su main aiki - da yi da kuma goyon baya.

Tubulin gina jiki shi ne memba na microtubules, waxanda suke da gyara na cilia da flagella unicellular kwayoyin kamar ciliates, Euglena, parasitic flagellates. Wannan guda gina jiki shi ne memba na kwayar kwayoyin (flagella ma'ana, ova cilia, ciliated epithelium na kananan hanji).

Protein albumin hidima ga Stock wani aiki (misali, mai gina jiki da kaza qwai). A endosperm na tsaba na hatsi - hatsin rai, da shinkafa, da alkama - sunadarai na gina jiki tara. Suna da ake kira salula inclusions. Wadannan abubuwa ana amfani da iri tayi a farkon cin gaban su. Bugu da kari, babban gina jiki abun ciki na alkama weevil ne mai matukar muhimmanci nuna alama daga cikin ingancin gari. Bread gasa daga Alkama-arziki gari yana da babban dandano inganci da mafi amfani. Alkama dauke da ake kira m alkama. A zurfin teku kifi jini jini ƙunshi sunadaran cewa hana su mutuwa daga sanyi. Su mallaki maganin daskarewa Properties, da hana mutuwa da kwayoyin a low ruwa yanayin zafi. A daya hannun, a cikin abun da ke ciki na cell bango na thermophilic kwayoyin cuta a cikin geothermal kafofin dauke da sunadarai iya zuwa ta riƙe da na halitta sanyi (manyan ko quaternary tsarin) da kuma ba denature a yanayin zafi jere daga +50 zuwa + 90 ° C.

proteid

Wadannan ne hadaddun sunadarai, wanda aka halin da] imbin bambancin dangane da daban-daban ayyuka yi da su. Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, cikin rukuni na polypeptides, sai dai da furotin da rabo ƙunshi da} afar roba kungiyar. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban dalilai irin su high zazzabi, nauyi karfe salts, mayar da hankali Alkali kuma acid hadaddun sunadarai zai iya canza ta sarari siffar, simplifying shi. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira denaturation. A tsarin da hadaddun sunadarai zai lalace hydrogen shaidu suna karya, da kuma kwayoyin rasa dũkiyõyinsu, kuma ayyuka. Matsayin mai mulkin, da denaturation ne babu ja. Amma wasu daga cikin polypeptides aiki a matsayin mai kara kuzari, tuki da kuma sigina ayyuka, yana yiwuwa renaturation - tanadi da na halitta tsarin da proteids.

Idan mataki ne mai takobin tada zaune tsaye factor faruwa na dogon lokaci, da sunadarin an hallaka gaba daya. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa katsewa da peptide bond na primary tsarin. Dawo da furotin da kuma ta aiki ne ba zai yiwu. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira, halakarwa. An misali ne dafa abinci na qwai: ruwa gina jiki - albumin, dake a cikin manyan tsarin da aka hallaka.

gina jiki biosynthesis

Sake, Ka tuna cewa a cikin polypeptides na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kunshi amino acid 20, wadanda wasu daga cikinsu irreplaceable. Wannan lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, da sauransu. D. Sun shiga cikin jini daga kananan hanji bayan tsagawa shi da furotin da kayayyakin. Don haduwa da muhimmanci amino acid (alanine, proline, serine), fungi da dabbobi amfani da nitrogen-dauke da mahadi. Tsire-tsire, kasancewa autotrophic, da kansa ya samar da wata zama dole bijiro da batun kafa monomers wakiltar hadaddun sunadarai. Domin wannan assimilation halayen su ne used nitrates, ammonia, ko nitrogen-free. A wasu iri kwayoyin samar da kansu tare da cikakken sa na amino acid, yayin da a wasu kawai wasu suna hada monomers. Akayi na biosynthesis sunadaran da faruwa a cikin sel duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A core na kwafi ya auku, da kuma a cikin cytoplasm na cell - watsa shirye-shirye.

A mataki na farko - cikin kira na mRNA precursor faruwa da enzyme RNA polymerase. Ya karya hydrogen shaidu tsakanin DNA, sarƙoƙi da kuma daya daga cikinsu a kan manufa na complementarity tattara pre-mRNA kwayoyin. Yana fallasa su slaysingu cewa ne cikakke, sa'an nan ya zo daga cikin tsakiya da cytoplasm, forming Manzo ribonucleic acid.

Don aiwatar da mataki na biyu na bukatar takamaiman wasu gabbansa - ribosomes da kwayoyin bayanai da kuma canja wurin ribonucleic acid. Wani muhimmin yanayin ne gaban ATP, a matsayin halayen roba metabolism, wanda nasa ne da biosynthesis sunadaran ya auku tare da sha da makamashi.

Enzymes, sifa da aiki

Wannan shi ne wani babban rukuni na sunadaran (game da 2000), da yin rawar da abubuwa da shafi cikin kudi na biochemical halayen a cikin sel. Suna iya zama sauki (trepsin, pepsin) ko hadaddun. Complex sunadaran hada da apoenzyme da coenzyme. The bayani dalla-dalla na gina jiki dangi da mahadi don wanda shi abubuwa, da kayyade a coenzyme, kuma proteids aiki an kiyaye kawai a cikin akwati inda gina jiki bangaren nasaba da apoenzyme. A catalytic ayyuka na enzyme ne mai zaman kanta da kwayoyin ba, amma kawai ta aiki cibiyar. Its tsarin yayi dace da sinadaran tsarin na abubuwa catalyzed da manufa na "key-kulle", don haka da cewa mataki na enzymes ne tsananin musamman. Ayyuka na hadaddun sunadarai ne a sa hannu a cikin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da kuma a cikin yin amfani da su a matsayin acceptors.

Azuzuwan da hadaddun sunadarai

Suka ci gaba da biochemists, bisa 3 sharudda: physico-sinadaran Properties, fasali da kuma tsarin fasali proteids bayani dalla-dalla. Na farko da kungiyar hada da polypeptides na dabam-dabam electrochemical Properties. Sun kasu kashi na asali, tsaka tsaki da kuma acidic. Dangi da ruwa sunadarai iya zama hydrophilic, amphiphilic da hydrophobic. Na biyu kungiyar na enzymes cewa an dauke a baya. Na uku kungiyar hada polypeptides cewa bambanta a sinadaran abun da ke ciki afar roba kungiyar (shi ne chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

La'akari da kaddarorin hadaddun sunadarai a more daki-daki. Saboda haka, misali, acidic gina jiki da cewa wani bangare ne na ribosomes, ya ƙunshi 120 amino acid da kuma shi ne m. An located a cikin furotin-rairaya da wasu gabbansa, duka biyu prokaryotic da eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Wani memba na wannan kungiya - S-100 gina jiki, kunshi biyu, sarƙoƙi da nasaba alli ion. Shi ne mai memba na neurons da glia - goyon bayan nama na juyayi tsarin. The kowa dukiya dukkan acidic gina jiki - wani babban abun ciki na dicarboxylic acid: glutamic da aspartic. By alkaline sunadaran hada histones - sunadaran da cewa yin up RNA da DNA nucleic acid. A peculiarity na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki shi ne babban adadin lysine da arginine. Histones, tare da makaman nukiliya chromatin chromosome fom - m sifar tantanin halitta gadar hali. Wadannan sunadarai suna da hannu a cikin matakai na kwafi da kuma fassara. Amphiphilic sunadaran yadu wakilci a cell membranes, kafa lipoprotein bilayer. Saboda haka, kungiyar karatu sama tattauna hadaddun sunadarai, mu sun natsu da cewa su physico-sinadaran Properties saboda da tsarin da furotin da bangaren da} afar roba kungiyoyin.

Wasu hadaddun matattarar sunadaran gina jiki ne iya gane wani iri-iri na sinadaran mahadi, kamar antigens da kuma amsa musu. Wannan sigina aiki proteids, yana da muhimmanci sosai ga zabe sha tafiyar matakai, abubuwa daga waje muhalli, da kuma kare shi.

Glycoproteins da proteoglycans

Su ne hadaddun sunadarai cewa bambanta tsakanin wani biochemical abun da ke ciki afar roba kungiyoyin. Idan da sinadaran shaidu tsakanin gina jiki bangaren kuma carbohydrate part - covalently-glycoside, irin abubuwa ake kira glycoproteins. Apoenzyme suka gabatar kwayoyin na mono- da oligosaccharides, misalai na irin sunadaran ne prothrombin, fibrinogen (sunadaran da hannu a jini coagulation). Kortiko- da gonadotropic hormones, interferons, enzymes da kuma membrane ne glycoproteins. A kwayoyin proteoglycan gina jiki sashi ne kawai 5%, da saura kasancewa da} afar roba kungiyar (geteropolitsaharid). Dukansu sassa suna da alaka da wani glycosidic bond na OH kungiyar-threonine da arginine kungiyoyin da NH₂-glutamine, kuma lysine. Proteoglycan kwayoyin wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa a cikin ruwa-gishiri metabolism Kwayoyin. Kasa ne a tebur na hadaddun sunadarai, mu yi karatu.

metalloproteins

Wadannan kayan dauke a matsayin wani ɓangare na da kwayoyin ion na daya ko fiye karafa. Ka yi la'akari da misalai na hadaddun sunadarai na zuwa sama kungiyar. Yana yana Sama da kowa da enzymes kamar cytochrome oxidase. An ayi a kan cristae na mitochondria da activates da kira na ATP. Ferrin da transferrin - proteid dauke da baƙin ƙarfe ions. Origin adibas su a cikin Kwayoyin, da kuma na biyu shi ne kai na jini gina jiki. Wani metalloproteins - alfaamelaza shi ya ƙunshi alli ions ne kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na yau da pancreatic ruwan 'ya'yan itace, musharaka a cikin tsagawa na sitaci. Haemoglobin ne yadda metalloproteins da hromoproteidov. Ya hidima a matsayin kai da furotin da cewa daukawa oxygen. A sakamakon haka ne a fili na oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation na carbon monoxide, ko carbon monoxide-kira, ta haemoglobin kwayoyin samar sosai a barga fili erythrocytes. Yana da sauri bazuwa zuwa gabobin da kyallen takarda, haddasa cell guba. A sakamakon haka, bayan tsawo inhalation na carbon monoxide mutuwa ya auku daga maƙura. Haemoglobin partially daukawa da kuma carbon dioxide kafa a catabolic tafiyar matakai. Daga cikin jini rafi na carbon dioxide da huhu da koda, kuma daga gare su - da waje muhalli. Wasu crustaceans da molluscs kai furotin cewa daukawa oxygen, ne keyhole. Maimakon baƙin ƙarfe shi ya ƙunshi jan ions, don haka dabba jini ba ja, da kuma shudi.

chlorophyll aiki

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, hadaddun sunadarai zai iya samar da gidaje da pigments - launin kwayoyin abubuwa. Su launi dogara a kan hromoformnyh kungiyoyin cewa selectively sha wasu a jere na hasken rana. A shuka Kwayoyin yana kore plastids - chloroplast dauke da chlorophyll pigment. Yana da aka hada da magnesium kwayoyin zarra da wani polyhydric barasa, phytol. Su suna hade da sunadarai na gina jiki, da kuma da kansu dauke da chloroplast thylakoids (faranti), ko membrane hade a stacks - facet. Su photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll - da ƙarin carotenoids. Ga duk enzymes amfani a cikin photosynthetic halayen. Kamar wancan chromoproteids, wanda sun hada da chlorophyll, yi m ayyuka a metabolism, wato a halayen assimilation da dissimilation.

kwayar sunadaran

Sun hada da wakilan wadanda ba salula siffofin rai, ya shiga cikin mulkin Vir. Ƙwayoyin cuta basu da nasu furotin-rairaya na'ura. Nucleic acid, DNA ko RNA, zai iya sa kira na mafi barbashi nasu Kwayoyin kamu da cutar. Simple ƙwayoyin cuta kunshi kawai daga sunadarai na gina jiki, compactly taru a wani helical tsarin ko wani polyhedral siffar, kamar taba mosaic cutar. Complex ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙarin membrane kafa ɓangare na jini membrane daga cikin rundunar cell. Kamar yadda za a iya hada glycoproteins (hepatitis B cutar, smallpox virus). Babban aiki na glycoproteins - mai fitarwa daga takamaiman rabe a kan rundunar jikin tantanin. A abun da ke ciki na ƙarin kwayar membranes da kuma sunadarai sun hada da enzymes samar da reduplication na DNA ko RNA kwafi. Bisa ta gabatar ba, wanda zai iya gama da wadannan: kwayar barbashi sunadaran bawo da wani takamammen tsarin, dangane da membrane sunadarai daga cikin rundunar cell.

A cikin wannan labarin an bã mu da halaye na hadaddun sunadarai, karatu sifa da aiki a sel daban-daban kwayoyin.