Ta yaya algae haifa? Nau'ikan algae haifuwa

Kusan a cikin kowane tafki a duk faɗin duniya za ku iya saduwa da irin wannan kwayar halitta ta musamman, ya tuna da abin da ya ƙunsa, shuka, kamar algae.

Mene ne algae?

Algae - musamman kungiyar na unicellular ko kwayar kwayoyin inhabiting advantageously a wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici. Wannan shi ne wani fairly babban rukuni na ƙananan tsire-tsire. Abun da suke da shi yana da girma sosai ana iya samuwa a ko'ina, kamar a cikin teku, da cikin teku, tafkuna, koguna, da sauran ruwa, a kan ƙasa mai yadu har ma da haushi bishiyoyi.

Algae - wannan shi ne yadda daya-celled protozoa, da kuma kwayar mazauna. Kusuka na algae da yawa sun hada da cellulose, wanda aka haɗe da juna daga butt.

Ba su da tushen tsarin. Maimakon haka, algae ya haɗa kai da taimakon matakai na musamman - rhizoids.

Algae shine babban tushen kwayoyin kwayoyin halittu a duk duniya. Kusan duk abincin abinci yana fara tare da su. Bugu da ƙari, suna zama tushen abinci mai gina jiki ga yawancin mazaunan yanayin ruwa.

Har ila yau, algae sun dace da samar da takin mai magani, abincin dabbobi, kuma, ba shakka, mutane za su iya ci.

Asalin algae

Har zuwa yanzu, babu wata yarjejeniya a kan asalin algae da kuma ainihin shekarun su saboda gaskiyar cewa nau'in kwayoyin suna wakiltar su da dama. Bugu da ƙari, ba a kiyaye wani misali na burbushin samfurori ba kuma ba zai iya yiwuwa a kafa irin matakan juyin halitta irin wadannan kwayoyin sun wuce.

Masana kimiyyar halitta a duniya su ne gamsu da cewa babu shuka a duniya ba za a iya kwatanta ta da warkad da ikon da tsiren ruwan teku, saboda akwai wani ka'idar game da asalin rayuwa a cikin tẽku, wanda ke nufin cewa shi ne a cikin su ƙunshi musamman nazarin halittu abun da ke ciki.

Duk da haka, an yi imani cewa algae da rawaya sun fito a duniya kimanin shekaru biliyan 3 da suka shude. Da farko dai, sun tashi ne a matsayin kamalci ba tare da mulkin mallaka ba. Kuma shine bayyanar irin wadannan kwayoyin da suka haifar da samun yanayi na iskar oxygen a duniya da wani harsashin sararin samaniya, wadda ta haifar da haihuwar rayuwa. Game da biliyan biliyan da suka wuce, yawan algae mai yawan gaske ya bayyana.

Irin algae

Fiye da nau'i dubu 30 na algae suna sanannun ilmin zamani. Duk da haka, dukansu zasu iya haɗa su cikin kungiyoyi na musamman:

1. Euglenic ko unicellular. Ƙananan algae.
2. Algae wanda yake dauke da kwayar halitta, membrane wanda ya ƙunshi cellulose.
3. Diatoms. Sun kunshi kwayoyin jikinsu da harsashi guda biyu.
4. Gudun ruwa mai tsayi. A nan yana yiwuwa a sadu da marasa maɗaukaka da kuma multicellular, amma dukansu suna da ruwa mai tsabta-zinariya ko launin ruwan kasa-rawaya a launi.
5. Yellow-kore. Ana haɗuwa da su tare da ƙungiyar ta baya.
6. Green. Ana iya gano su tare da ido mara kyau, alal misali, a kan haushi bishiyoyi.
7. Kayan daji. Wadannan su ne algae da yawa, wanda ake haɗuwa tare da algae. Tsawon tsayi ya bambanta daga 2.5 zuwa 10 cm.
8. Red algae. Don haka ake kira saboda kasancewarsu a cikin abun da suke ciki na wani nau'i na musamman - phytoerythrina, wanda ya juya su cikin ja. Wadannan algae suna rayuwa ne a cikin zurfin teku.
9. Sandar ruwan kasa. Mafi kyawun kirki. Suna zaune a zurfi kuma suna iya haifar da katako, misali, a cikin Sarganso Sea. Rizoids suna da alaƙa a gefe, saboda haka yana da wuya a tsage su.

Yaduwar algae a yanayi

Bisa ga yanayin wanzuwar, an raba algae zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu: waɗannan suna da ruwa kuma suna rayuwa a ƙasa - a waje da ruwa.

Hakanan, ruwa zai iya raba kashi da yawa:

1. Plankton. Shin a cikin ruwa a cikin wani dakatar da jihar. An daidaita su sosai don wannan hanyar rayuwa.
2. Benthic. Suna zaune a kasa na tafki.
3. Periphyton. Suna zaune a kan duwatsu masu zurfi, waɗanda suke da zurfin teku.
4. Neustonic. Wannan jinsunan algae suna tasowa a cikin wani yanki na tsakiya. Ɗaya yana sama da ruwa, ɗayan ya kamata a nutse cikin ruwa.

Algae, zaune a ƙasa, an raba su kashi biyu:

1. Aerophyton. Algae, wanda ke da magungunan ƙasa, abubuwa masu tasowa, tsalle-tsalle.
2. Algae girma a kan fuskar ƙasa.

Bugu da ƙari, nau'in da ke sama, akwai wadanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai gishiri, dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara, kuma suna rayuwa a gurbin katako.

Yadda algae ke haifa

Bari mu magance babban batun batun. A yanayi, algae haifa a hanyoyi uku. Kowannensu yana da halaye na kansa.

1. Algae haifa vegetatively. Wannan wata hanya ce ta haifa wadda aka ba da girma a cikin biyu ko, misali, an raba koda daga jikin mahaifiyar. Sa'an nan kuma an raba sababbin kwayoyin halitta zuwa biyu da hudu Kwayoyin, daga abin da daga bisani suka girma tsofaffin algae.
2. Harshen jima'i. Wannan shi ne irin da motar ta raba a cikin cell algal, sa'an nan kuma ya fita zuwa waje kuma ya raba daga mahaifiyarsa.
3. Algae haifa ta spores, wanda aka kafa a cikin gabobin musamman - sulu.
4. Hoto jima'i. Ya ƙunshi hada-hadar kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, haɗakarwa, sakamakon sakamakon zygote, wanda baya girma cikin sabon mutum ko ya bada zoospores. Kuma zygotes na daban-daban algae bayan da samuwar nuna bambanci. A wasu, suna fada cikin lokacin hutawa, wanda zai iya wucewa zuwa wasu watanni. Kuma wasu suna tsiro nan da nan a cikin wani sabon launi ko thallus.

Abin lura ne cewa kowane jinsin algae ya haifar da hanyoyi daban-daban. Tambayar wannan tambaya ta hanyar binciken makarantar. Kuma sau da yawa ɗalibai suna sauraron tambaya daga malamin: "Yaya algae ke ninka? Bayyana yawancin algae." Amsa shi kawai, idan kayi cikakken nazarin abu.

Yayin da algae ke haifar da layi. Irin Mace Fassarar

Wannan shine zaɓi mafi sauki. Yin jima'i ko kuma vegetatively, algae haifa kawai kawai a cikin sharadi gwargwado a gare su. Wannan yana nufin, lokacin da ruwa a cikin tafki yana da wasu zafin jiki da yanayi wanda ba zai taimakawa wajen haifuwa ba.

Idan a cikin jikin ruwa ko yanayin akwai canjin zafin jiki mai laushi, gurɓatawa ko haɗuwa da mazauna, a wannan yanayin algae yana ci gaba da haifuwa da jima'i.

Hakan za'a iya raba jinsi iri-iri zuwa iri iri:

1. Algae haifa vegetatively - akwai rabo na vegetative Kwayoyin.
2. Sporulation. Ko, a wata hanya, algae haifa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sel. Ana kiran waɗannan sassan spores.

Lokacin da algae ke haifar da layi, akwai iyaye daya, daga dukkanin halittun da suke da su. Amma a yanayin sauyawa, kwayoyin halitta zasu iya canzawa sosai.

Sau da yawa wani kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da ma'adinan da kuma kayan lambu.

Hanyoyin kayan lambu na algae

Hanyoyin kayan lambu suna halayyar a mafi yawan lokuta ga launin ruwan algae.

Tare da wannan hanyar haifuwa, sassan algae (thalloms) suna rabu da wadanda suke ciki, ba tare da wani canji ba, kuma sababbin kwayoyin halitta suna da wani ɓangare na harsashi na uwayen.

Vegetatively iya ninka biyu unicellular da multicellular algae. Kuma a cikin sel kwayoyin halitta sel ya kasu kashi biyu, kuma a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar yadudduka ko kuma dukan thalluses, mazauna. A cikin filamentous algae, yanayin yanayi na haifuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar rarraba hanyoyin a cikin ɓangarorinsu.

A wannan yanayin, ba dukkan algae daga tawagar wakilan mallaka ba na iya haifar da ganyayyaki, har ma a cikin unicellular tare da yanayin yanayin da ake amfani da ita, wanda zai iya zama hanyar yin jima'i.

Brown algae, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ninka shi a wannan hanya, ta hanyar musamman rassan brood. Bugu da ƙari, kowane nau'i na sargasses ya haifa a cikin Sargasso Sea.

Rabaitawa ta kashin

Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da vegetative, algae haifa ta spores. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci na haifuwa mai mahimmanci.

Anyi jayayya a cikin gabobin musamman, wanda ake kira spoone ko zoosporada. Tare da tarwatsawa, spore zai fara girma sannan kuma an kafa sabon mutum mai zaman kanta.

Tsayayyar jayayya tare da flagella, iya motsi, ake kira zoospores.

Za'a iya nazarin bambance-bambancen da za a iya haifar da ita ta hanyar spores a kan misalin irin wannan nau'i na ulotriks. A cikin yanayi mai kyau na rayuwarta, daga cikin mahaifiyarsa ta yanzu, an raba rassansa, wanda ya ƙunshi rikice-rikice. Suna yin iyo a cikin ƙasa kyauta, sa'an nan kuma, sun rataye kansu zuwa wani abu na karkashin ruwa, sun fara rabawa tare da kuma samar da sabon salo na algae. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan nau'i na alga zai iya haifar da juna biyu da kuma jima'i.

An lura cewa yana yiwuwa a motsa jigilar spores a wasu nau'in algae, saboda haka, kara yawan carbon dioxide ya kamata ya faru a cikin mazaunin.

Ayyukan gyaran layi a cikin wannan yanayin ana aikata shi ne ta mutane da ake kira sporophytes, wato, fararen ɓarna.

Hanyar jima'i na gyare-gyare

Baya ga hanyoyin da aka sama, algae haifa jima'i. Da farko, an hade shi da hadi, wato, jigilar kwayoyin halitta guda biyu. Bayan haka, an kafa zygote, wanda daga bisani ya zama kakannin sabuwar kwayoyin halitta.

Algae yana da hanyoyi da yawa na yin jima'i:

1. Isogamy - yana haifar da haɗuwa da nau'i biyu a cikin girman kayan da kuma tsarin.
2. Hoto. Wannan shine jigon mahimman bayanai guda biyu, wanda ɗayan ya fi sauran. Kuma wanda ya fi girma a matsayin girmansa, shine mace.
3. Oogamy. Tare da wannan hanyar haifuwa, tantanin mace mai laushi ya haɗa tare da gambo na maza.
4. Conjugation. Ta wannan ma'anar muna nufin irin haifuwa wanda aka haɗa biyu kwayoyin vegetative ba tare da flagella ba.

A cikin algae mai mahimmanci, mutum ɗaya yana da damar yin jima'i da haifuwa. Ayyukan da ake ci gaba da aiki shine mutane da ake kira gametophytes, wato, ƙaddarar da aka kafa.

Misalan gyaran algae

Misali na yaduwa na vegetation na algae zai iya zama fucus. A kan babban thallium, an kafa wasu nau'ikan thallomes irin wannan, wanda daga bisani ya haifar da sabuwar kwayoyin halitta.

Harshen jima'i, wato, rarraba cikin ƙwayoyin biyu, ana iya kiyayewa a cikin tsararraki.

Chlamydomonas wani algae ne, wanda haifuwa wanda ya faru ne da jima'i da kuma yadda ya kamata, tare da taimakon spores (zoospores) tare da flagella.

Wani misali na yin jima'i na iya zama launin ruwan kasa, irin su kelp. A cikin wannan jinsin akwai hanyoyi uku na haifuwa da jima'i, irin su lalataccen abu, da zubar da ciki, rashin lafiya.

Chlorella yana da tsinkayyen kwayoyin kore. Yayinda yake yin amfani da shi kawai ta hanyar amfani da spores.

Red algae (masu laifi) sun haifa a hanyoyi biyu, daya daga cikinsu shine jima'i. Wani muhimmin fassarar shi shine samin jigilar namiji ba tare da flagella ba. A lokaci guda kuma, jigilar mata suna kasancewa a kan algae, kuma ana ba da jigilar maza a gare su tare da taimakon wani halin yanzu.

Muhimmancin algae a yanayi

Algae suna da yawa kuma suna da mahimmanci ga dukkanin kwayoyin launi na duniya. Sakamakonsu yana da faɗi sosai cewa ba za a iya saduwa da su ba kawai a cikin tekun, teku, koguna, koguna, amma har ma a cikin kananan tafki, ciki har da artificial, har ma puddles. Za a iya kiyaye su a cikin nau'i-nau'i na kananan kore a kan kusan kowane tafki. Muhimmancin algae a cikin yanayi yana da kyau.

Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa sun saki isasshen yawan iskar oxygen, sun zama mazaunin dabbobi da yawa, sun shiga cikin samfurori mai laushi na ƙasa. Ana amfani da algae da dama don abinci, kuma suna zama babban mahimmanci wajen cire kayan abinci na musamman. Ana amfani da su don shiri na magungunan magunguna da kayan shafawa.

Algae suna da mahimmanci a cikin abun da suke ciki da kuma yanayin haifuwa na kwayoyin. Sun hada da kansu da dama iri iri, mafi daidai: jima'i, asexual da vegetative. Wannan ya sa su zama marar mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan fitowar ta zama mai ban sha'awa, saboda ba abin da ya sa malamin ilmin halitta a fadin kasar yana ƙoƙarin samun 'yan makarantar su amsa wannan tambaya: "Yaya algae ke ninka? Bayyana yawancin algae."