Tsananin Gishiri Mai Girma a Antarctica: Hanyoyi da Fahimman Bayanan

Mutane da yawa suna wakiltar Antarctica a matsayin babbar nahiyar, wanda aka rufe shi da kankara. Amma duk wannan ba haka ba ne mai sauki. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a cikin Antarctic a baya, kimanin shekaru 52 da suka wuce, sun girma itatuwan dabino, baobabs, araucaria, macadamia da sauran nau'o'in tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin zafi. Sa'an nan kuma babban yankin ya kasance yanayi na wurare masu zafi. A yau nahiyar na da hamada.

Kafin mu tattauna dalla-dalla game da yadda ruwan kankara yake a Antarctica, bari mu lissafa wasu abubuwan ban sha'awa game da wannan yankin mai zurfi, mai banƙyama kuma mai sanyi na duniya.

Wane ne ke mallakar Antarctica?

Kafin mu ci gaba da kai tsaye game da yadda yanayin kankara yake a Antarctica, wajibi ne a tantance wanda ya mallaki wannan ƙananan binciken a cikin nahiyar.

A gaskiya, ba shi da gwamnati. Yawancin kasashe a lokaci guda sun yi ƙoƙari su mallaki waɗannan wuraren da suka ɓata, ba da nisa ba daga al'amuran wayewa, amma a ranar 1 ga watan Disambar 1959 an sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar (ya shiga aiki a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1961), wanda Antarctica ba ya cikin wani jiha. Yanzu bangarori na yarjejeniyar sune jihohi 50 (tare da 'yancin jefa kuri'un) da kuma yawan kasashe masu kallo. Duk da haka, wanzuwar yarjejeniya ba ya nufin cewa masu sa hannu kan wannan takardun sun watsar da yaninsu na yanki a nahiyar da yankunan da ke kewaye.

Taimako

Mutane da yawa suna wakiltar Antarctica a matsayin babban dutsen kankara, inda, banda snow da kankara, babu wani abu. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, gaskiya ne, amma akwai wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da za a dauka. Sabili da haka, ba zamu tattauna kawai game da kankara a Antarctica ba.

A wannan nahiyar akwai kuma manyan kwaruruka ba tare da rufe kankara ba, har ma da dunes. Snow a wuraren nan ba saboda yana da zafi a can, akasin haka, akwai yanayi mai tsanani fiye da sauran yankuna na nahiyar.

Gidajen MacMurdo yana buɗewa ga mummunan iskar catabatic, wanda gudunsa ya kai 320 km a kowace awa. Suna haifar da tsabtataccen ruwa, wanda ke hade da rashin ice da dusar ƙanƙara. Yanayin rayuwa suna kama da Martian, don haka NASA a cikin kwarin McMurdo sunyi gwaje-gwaje na Viking (motar sararin samaniya).

Har ila yau akwai babban babban dutse a Antarctica, wanda ya fi girma a cikin Alps. Sunanta shi ne Gamburtsev Mountains, mai suna bayan sanannen sanannen Soviet geophysicist Georgy Gamburtsev. A shekarar 1958, jirgin ya gano su.

Tsawon tsaunin tudu yana da kilomita 1,300, nisa - daga 200 zuwa 500 kilomita. Babban fifiko ya kai mita 3390. Abu mafi ban sha'awa shi ne, wannan dutsen mai girma yana ƙarƙashin rami mai zurfi (kimanin mita 600) na kankara. Akwai ma yankunan da rassan murfin kankara ya wuce kilomita 4.

Game da yanayi

A Antarctica, akwai bambanci mai ban mamaki tsakanin adadin ruwa (ruwa mai tsabta - kashi 70) da kuma yanayin bushe. Wannan shine ɓangaren ɓangaren duniya na duniya.

Ko da a cikin mafi zafi da zafi zafi na dukan duniya, karin ruwan sama sama da a cikin kwari arid na nahiyar na Antarctica. A cikin duka, kawai 10 centimeters na hazo da dama a kudancin Pole a cikin shekara.

Yawancin na nahiyar an rufe shi da dindindin. Abin farin kan kankara kan tsibirin Antarctica, mun koya kadan a kasa.

A kan kogunan Antarctica

Daya daga cikin kogunan da ke dauke da ruwa mai ruwaye a cikin shugabancin gabas shine Onyx. Yana gudana zuwa Lake Wanda, wanda ke cikin kwarin Wright. Dangane da irin wannan yanayin yanayin zafi, Onyx yana ɗauke da ruwa kawai watanni biyu a kowace shekara, a lokacin rani na Antarctic.

Tsawon kogin yana da kilomita 40. Babu kifi, amma akwai nau'ikan algae da microorganisms.

Warming Duniya

Antarctica ita ce mafi girma ƙasar da aka rufe da kankara. A nan, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, kashi 90 cikin dari na asalin kankara ya kebanta a duniya. Matsakaicin matsanancin kankara a Antarctica yana da kimanin mita 2133.

A cikin yanayin saukewar dukan kankara a kan Antarctica, matakin Ƙungiyar Duniya zai iya tashi da mita 61. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu yawan zafin jiki na iska a nahiyar shine -37 digiri Celsius, saboda haka babu haɗari irin wannan yanayi na halitta. Ga yawancin nahiyar, yawan zafin jiki ba zai taba sama ba.

Game da dabbobi

Ruwa na Antarctica tana wakiltar jinsuna masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa. A halin yanzu, akalla jinsin 70 na invertebrates ana samun su a Antarctica, jinsuna huɗu na kogin penguins. A cikin ƙasa na iyakacin duniya yankin samu ragowar dama jinsunan ^dinosaur.

Bears, kamar yadda aka sani, ba su zaune a Antarctica, suna zaune a cikin Arctic. Yawancin ɓangarorin na nahiyar suna zaune ne da penguins. Babu yiwuwar wadannan jinsin dabbobi guda biyu za su saduwa a wani lokaci a yanayi na halitta.

Wannan wuri shine kadai a cikin duniya, wanda mashahuran sarakunan penguins sun kasance, wanda shine mafi girma kuma mafi girma a cikin dukkan dangin su. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ita ce nau'in nau'in da ke ninkawa a lokacin hunturu Antarctic. Idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'in, Adélie penguin yana karuwa sosai a kudancin kasar.

Nahiyar ba shi da wadata sosai a cikin dabbobin ƙasa, amma a cikin kogin ruwan teku zaka iya samun kullun kifi, zane-zane mai launin ruwa da kuma gashin fata. Yana zaune a nan da kuma ƙwayar cuta mai ban mamaki - tsaka-tsaki marar launi, wanda tsawonsa yake da 1.3 cm saboda tsananin iska, kwari masu kwari suna gaba daya.

Daga cikin yankuna masu yawa na 'yan kwalliya akwai kwari masu launin baki, suna tashi kamar jirgin ruwa. Ko da Antarctica ne kawai nahiyar inda ba zai yiwu ba a hadu da tururuwa.

Yanki na kankara yana kewaye da Antarctica

Kafin mu gano wanene mafi girma ƙanƙarar kankara a Antarctica, bari mu bincika yanayin kankara na teku a kusa da Antarctica. Suna a wasu yankunan karuwa kuma suna raguwa a wasu lokuta. Bugu da ƙari, dalilin irin wadannan canje-canje shine iska.

Alal misali, iskoki na arewacin suna motsi manyan kankara a cikin shugabanci daga babban yankin, dangane da abin da ƙasar ta ɓace a cikin ɓangaren kankara. A sakamakon haka, akwai karuwa a cikin taro na kankara a kusa da Antarctica, kuma adadin glaciers wanda ke samar da kullun kankara yana ragu.

Yankin nahiyar na kusan kilomita 14. A lokacin rani an kewaye da mita mita 2.9. Km na kankara, kuma a cikin hunturu wannan yankin yana ƙaruwa kusan sau 2.5.

Tekuna masu rufe Ice

Ko da yake matsakaicin adadin kankara a Antarctica yana da ban sha'awa, akwai tabkuna karkashin kasa a wannan nahiyar, wanda, watakila, akwai wata rayuwa wadda ta samo asali gaba daya ga miliyoyin shekaru.

A cikakke, mun san cewa akwai fiye da 140 irin wadannan ruwaye na ruwa, daga cikinsu shahararrun shine tafkin. Gabas, kusa da tashar Soviet (Rashanci) "Vostok", wanda ya ba da tafkin a cikin tafkin. Girman kankara mai tsawon kilomita hudu yana rufe wannan abu na halitta. Tekun ba zai daskare ba saboda boyewar geothermal karkashin kasa. Ruwan ruwa a cikin zurfin tafki yana da +10 ° C.

Bisa ga masana kimiyya, asalin kankara ne wanda yayi amfani da shi na halitta, wanda ya taimaka wajen kare rayayyun kwayoyin halittu masu rai, miliyoyin shekaru suka samo asali kuma sun samo asali daga sauran ƙasashen duniya.

Haske kankara a Antarctica

Rufin kankara na Antarctica shine mafi girma a duniya. Ta wurin yanki, ya wuce takarda ta Greenland kan kimanin sau 10. Ana mayar da hankali ne a ciki na tsawon kilomita 30 na kankara. Yana da siffar dome, tsayin dutsen ya kara zuwa gaɓar tekun, inda a wurare da yawa ana yin shi ta hanyar kankara. Mafi girma ƙanƙara a kan Antarctica ya kai kimanin 4,800 m a wasu yankuna (a gabas)

A yammacin shine ƙananan ciwo na duniya - Bentley basin (wanda ya kamata a samo asali), cike da kankara. Rashin zurfinsa yana da mita 2555 a kasa.

Kuma menene matsakaicin ƙanƙarar kankara a Antarctica? Kimanin 2500 zuwa mita 2800.

Bayanan mafi ban sha'awa

A Antarctica akwai ruwa na halitta tare da ruwa mai tsabta a dukan duniya. Weddell Sea aka dauke su mafi m, a duniya. Hakika, babu abin mamaki a wannan, tun a wannan nahiyar babu wanda zai gurbata shi. A nan, ana lura da iyakar ma'anar ruwa (79 m), wanda kusan ya dace da nuna gaskiyar ruwa mai tsabta.

A cikin kwaruruka na McMurdo ya zama ruwan kwari mai ban mamaki. Yana gudana daga Gilashiyar Taylor kuma ya shiga cikin Tekun Yammacin Bonnie, wanda aka rufe da kankara. Madogarar ruwan ruwa shine tafkin gishiri, wanda yake ƙarƙashin tauraron kankara (mita 400). Godiya ga gishiri, ruwa ba zai daskare ba ko da a yanayin zafi mafi ƙasƙanci. An kafa kimanin shekaru 2 da suka wuce.

Halittar yanayin yanayin ruwan ruwa ma yana da launi na ruwan - jini ja. Maganarsa ba ta shafi hasken rana. Babban abun ciki na ƙarfe oxide a cikin ruwa tare da microorganisms wanda ke karɓar makamashi mai karfi ta hanyar sake gina sulfates wanda aka narkar da ruwa shine dalilin wannan launi.

Babu mazaunan zama a Antarctica. Akwai mutane kawai da ke zaune a kan iyaka na wani lokaci. Su ne wakilan 'yan masana kimiyya na zamani. A lokacin rani, yawan masana kimiyya, tare da ma'aikatan tallafi, kimanin 5,000 ne, kuma a cikin hunturu, 1,000.

Mafi yawan kankara

Girman kankara a Antarctica, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, ya bambanta. Kuma a cikin teku kankara akwai magunguna masu yawa, cikinsu har da B-15, wanda shine daya daga cikin mafi girma.

Tsawonsa yana kusa da kilomita 295, nisa yana da kilomita 37, kuma dukkanin yanki yana da kilomita 11,000. Kilomita (fiye da yankin Jamaica). Kusan kusan shi biliyan 3 ne. Har ma a yau, bayan kusan shekaru 10 daga ma'auni, wasu sassa na wannan giant ba su narke ba.

Kammalawa

Antarctica wuri ne mai ban mamaki da abubuwan al'ajabi. Daga cikin cibiyoyin bakwai, shi ne na ƙarshe, wanda aka gano sau ɗaya daga masu bincike-masu tafiya. Antarctica shi ne ƙananan binciken, wanda ke zaune a cikin duniyar da ke cikin duniyar duka, amma yana da kyau sosai kuma ban mamaki.