Vermeer Ian: zane-zane. Mawallafin Hollande Jan Vermeer

Fenta Jan Vermeer ne daya daga cikin shahararrun artists na da ake kira Golden Age na Dutch art. An dauke shi mashahurin mai mahimmanci na hoto da kuma zane-zane na yau da kullum. Sunansa shi ne a kan wani par da Frans Hals da Rembrandt. Tunda wurin haifuwa da mutuwar mai zane-zane yana da ƙauyuwa guda ɗaya ba da nisa da Hague, a tarihin tarihin tarihin Rasha an kira shi Jan Vermeer na Delft. A cikin wannan labarin za muyi la'akari da rayuwar da hanyar kirki ta mai zane.

Yara da matasa

Ranar haihuwar mai zane, ba mu sani ba. Amma an yi masa baftisma a rana ta ƙarshe ga Oktoba 1632 a cikin Ikilisiyoyin Ikklisiyoyin Delft. Sabanin dukkanin ra'ayoyin game da manyan iyalai a wannan lokaci, mahaifin Jan Vermeer yana da dan 'yarsa, banda ɗansa. Tana da shekaru goma sha biyu lokacin da aka haife ta. Game da mahaifiyar uwar, Diegne Baltes, mun san kusan kome ba. Janson Reineer ya tashi daga Antwerp zuwa Amsterdam a shekara ta 1611 kuma ya shiga kullun siliki. Bayan ya yi aure, sai ya yi hijira zuwa Delft kuma ya sayi gidan ibada a can. Ba mu san dalilin ba, amma saboda wani dalili ya canza sunansa da sunansa. Maigidan hotel "Mechelen" yanzu an kira Rayner van Vos. Bai bar kayan zane ba kuma ya sanya hannu a kan Guild St. Luke - wani shagon da ya hada dukkan ma'aikata. A cikin wannan "ƙungiya" a cikin shekaru ashirin da ɗaya na rayuwa tare da Vermeer Ian, wanda hotuna bayan shekaru da yawa suka girgiza duniya.

Ilimi:

Abu daya ya bayyana: dan bai bi gurbin ubansa ba kuma baiyi nazarin siliki ba don saƙa. Wanene ya ɗauki darussan daga? Bayan haka, domin ya zama memba na Guild na St. Luke, ya zama dole ya cancanci sunan mai masauki. Kuma wannan, daga bisani, ya riga ya wuce kimanin shekaru shida na binciken kuma ya kasance a matsayi na mai karatu. Labarin da Jan Vermeer Delftsky ya zama memba na guild, yana nufin ƙarshen Disamba 1653. Don haka, na yanke shawara game da sana'a kuma na fara yarinya a shekara ta goma sha biyar na rayuwata. Wanene malaminsa? Mafi yawan masu sukar fasaha sun yarda cewa zasu iya zama Leonard Bramer ko Gerard Ter Borch. Har ila yau, akwai wani sashi wanda bai samo hujjoji na gaskiya ba, cewa Karel Fabricius, tsohon dalibi na Rembrandt, yana taimakawa wajen yin matakai na farko a zane-zane na Jan Vermeer. Bitrus de Hoogh yana da tasiri a kan matasa. Vermeer ya gaji salonsa na zane-zane a cikin zanensa. Amma Kodayake ba zai iya zama malamin wani jariri ba, tun lokacin da ya zauna a Delft kawai a 1652.

Rayuwar mutum

Duk da yake har yanzu ya zama dan takarar matsayi na mai kyauta a masarautar St. Luke, Jan Vermeer ya yi aure. Ya zaɓa shi ne Katarina Bolnes, 'yar wani dan kasuwa mai cin nasara wanda ke da masana'antar tubalin tubalin kusa da Delft. A kan hanyar zuwa aure, masoya suna jiran cikas, amma ba abu ba ne. Gaskiyar ita ce, Ian Vermeer na daga cikin 'yan Protestant, kuma amarya ta fito ne daga iyalin Katolika. Mahaifiyar yarinyar, Maria Bolnes, ta farko ta ki yarda da mai neman ga hannun 'yarta. Ya ɗauki cẽto na Bramer, kuma Katolika, don haka zuciyar uwar surukarta zata yi laushi. An yi bikin aure a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1653. A karkashin kwangilar, 'yan matan auren suka koma gidan gidan amarya. Amma mai zane ya ci gaba da tallafa wa mahaifiyarsa, wanda ke gudu a hotel din. Ian Vermeer da Catarina Bollnes suna da 'ya'ya maza goma sha biyar, amma guda goma sha ɗaya ne kawai suka tsira a lokacin jariri. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na wancan lokacin sau da yawa aka nuna su a kan kwaskwarima mata ko masoya. Kada ku guje wa wannan yanayin da Vermeer Ian. Ana nuna hotunan mai zane kamar Catarina. Alal misali, zamu iya ganin ta, ciki, a kan zane "Mace da nauyin nauyi".

Ci gaban aikin

Gidan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba matalauta ba ne. A asali, ɗakin Mechelen, wadda take a babban kasuwar kasuwar Delft, ta taimaka wajen tallafa wa babban iyalin. Masu fasaha na Netherlands ba su kasance cikin talauci ba. Hotuna da abubuwa masu amfani da kayan aiki sun kasance da yawa a cikin al'ummar Holland. Ma'aikata na ƙananan ƙwarewa sun wadata kansu, suna zana zane-zane da yawa a wata. Amma Ian Vermeer bai so ya yi sauri ba. Ya rubuta hotuna biyu a cikin shekara. Irin wannan jinkirin ya yi fushi da surukarsa, amma ba magoya ba. Sun kasance suna shirye su biya bashin kuɗin da ya yi. Babban masu sha'awar aikin mashawarcin sune Hendrik van Buyten da Yakubu Dissius, mai burodi da mai wallafa Delft. Gaskiyar cewa shahararren Jan Vermeer ya kasance mai daraja ta mutanensa na zamani an tabbatar da cewa an zartar da zane-zane sau biyu a cikin Guild St Luke (a cikin 1662-1663, da kuma 1670-1671).

Shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwa

Mai mahimmancin zane-zane yana da daraja a matsayin mai sukar fasaha. Wannan shine kadai tafiya cikin rayuwar Vermeer na birnin. Ba zai bar Delft ba, idan Friedrich Wilhelm I, mai zabe na Brandenburg, ba a ba shi sayan tarin hotunan Roman da Venetian ba. Don haka mai zane ya zamo gwani a Hague don bincika gaskiyar tasirin. Hakan ya faru ne, wanda ya nuna cewa an baiwa masanan Jordaens Jacob da Vermeer Jan surori ba gaskiya ba kuma suna da darajar goma na farashin sayarwa. Tare da irin wannan ni'ima, mai zane ya ƙare kwanakinsa kusan talauci. A shekarar 1672, yakin Holland-Faransa ya fara, wanda ya yi shekaru bakwai. Kasuwanci a cikin abubuwa na kayan aiki sun shafe. An tilasta Vermeer ya dauki kuɗi don tallafa wa babban iyalin. A shekara ta 1675, mai rubutu ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Duk nasa gado ya tafi ga masu bashi.

Vermeer Jan: aikin farko

Na dogon lokaci mashahurin matashi ya damu da Italiyanci baroque. Yawan zane-zanensa na da mahimmanci. Mai zane ya juya zuwa jigogi na addini ("Kristi yana tare da Maryamu da 'yar'uwarta Martha"). Ya rinjayar shi ne kuma dan kasar Holland mai masaukin fim din Peter de Hoogh. An cigaba da salonsa kuma ya ci gaba a cikin kwastar Vermeer. Hoton mafi mahimmanci na wannan lokacin ana iya kiran shi zane mai mahimmanci "The Vault". Akwai ra'ayi cewa hali a kan dama shine hoto ne na mai zane. Abin da ke cikin zanen "A Vault" yana da haske, cike da sha'awar matasa da kuma son zuciya. Launi na Tonal yana haɗuwa da ƙarfin zuciya tare da zane-zane na launi mai laushi. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1650, masanin ya canza yanayin hoton. Ya rubuta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da daya ko fiye da haruffa kuma ba da hankali ba sosai ga mãkirci game da general yanayi, yanayi na scene. A lokaci guda kuma, ya rubuta rubutun yadda ya dace, yana tunanin ta hanyar hasken wuta, wanda ke canza cikin cikin ɗakin ɗakin ɗakin. Misali na wannan zane-zane shine "Yarinyar da Wasika", "The Milkoman", "Lacemaker".

Jan Vermeer: '' Yarinyar da Kunnen Lu'u-lu'u ''

Wannan shi ne zanen shahararren mai zane. Yana da gidan haikalin Hague, amma ba za a iya samuwa a kai ba - yana sau da yawa a duniya. Kuma yarinyar da aka kwatanta a hoton ana kiran shi "Northern Mona Lisa". Maigidan a cikin wannan zane ya kai tsayinsa na kwararrunsa. Yarinyar yarinyar tana kama da mutum mai kyau. Ana amfani da dukan zane tare da lalata lyricism. Juya kai tare da kariya ba tare da tsaro ba, zane-zane-zane-zane mai duhu a cikin duhu duhu yana haske. Wanene Jan Vermeer ya nuna a hoton? Wata yarinya mai kunnen lu'u-lu'u ... Yana iya zama Maria - ɗan fari na wani ɗan wasa. Amma, a matsayin abokan adawar wannan ra'ayi, ɗan fari a cikin iyali ya bayyana a 1653. Saboda haka, a lokacin rubuta hoton (1665) Maryamu ne kawai sha biyu kawai. Komai yarinya yarinya ke cikin hoton, har yanzu tana da mahimmanci fiye da 'yar fim din.

Kwanan canji

A karshen 60s na karni na goma sha bakwai, masanin ya canza dabi'arsa kadan. Yanzu yana da abubuwa biyu da suka fi so. Su ne 'yan uwan da mata da suke gudanar da tattaunawa, da rassan giya ko kuma yin waƙa a ɗakunan da aka yi wa ado. Alal misali, za ka iya rubuta "Ƙaunar Ƙaunar" da kuma "Matar Tsarinta da Guitar". Kuma batun na biyu shine mutane, masu sha'awar aikin su. Tunanin mai bincike na wani mutum an nuna shi a cikin ɗakunan "Astronomer", "Geographer", "A cikin ɗakin zane-zane". Ayyukan aiki da horaswa mata shine wani batun da Vermeer Ian yayi magana a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Hotuna "Lacemaker", "Lady a baya", "Mace a cikin blue, karanta wasika" da "Yarinyar da ke ƙoƙari a kan abun wuya" su ne misalan misalai na wannan lokaci na aikin mai zane.