Ƙimar ƙimar ƙasa: fassarar ma'anar kalma

Kowane mutum ya san irin wannan lokacin yana matsayin bashi. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dashi don banbanci bankuna, amma wannan ra'ayi na iya amfani da shi ga jiki, mai shari'a da kuma ƙasa.

Mene ne bashi na bashi na mutum mai ganewa? Wannan shi ne wata dama ga wani mutum ya koma samu daga banki kungiyoyin rance. Ana nuna alamar wannan alamar ta bankuna don sanin ƙayyadadden bayar da bashi ga wani mutum.

Idan muka ƙara sikelin, za mu sami bashin bashi na aikin. Zai kasance sha'awa ga dukkan kamfanoni da masu zuba jari.

Menene labarin bashi na ƙasa?

Kayan wannan ra'ayi yana da ƙarin ƙwarewar bayanai idan an yi amfani da shi ga ƙungiyar tattalin arziƙin da ya fi rikitarwa, kamar ƙasa. Credit ratings na duniya daidai da hadarin zuba jari a jihar kayayyakin more rayuwa. Bisa ga wannan adadi, yana yiwuwa ya zana karshe game da ko gwamnatin iya saduwa da bashi wajibai. Masu zuba jari, lokacin da suke yanke shawara game da manyan zuba jarurruka a cikin masana'antu ko masana'antu, dole ne su la'akari da halin da ake ciki a yanzu.

Amma a lokaci guda, a cikin ainihinsa, wannan shine tsinkayen. Ba ya bada garantin 100% na dawowa a kan zuba jarurruka, sabili da haka bazai iya zama cikakkiyar alamar tabbatarwa ba. Yayin da aka yanke shawarar zuba jarurruka, dole ne a yi la'akari da ƙimar ƙasa tare da wasu dalilai waɗanda ke goyan bayan dacewar irin wannan zuba jari.

Wanene izini don ƙayyade bashin bashi?

Mun yi karatu fihirisa iya zama asa da kuma duniya. Na farko an ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyi na ƙasashe. A Rasha, wannan shi ne Rus-Rating, Gwani RA, Bayar da Bayar da Bayar da Shawarar Jama'a da sauransu, a cikin Ukraine - Bincike Ƙari da Ƙimar Standard. Suna da iko kawai a cikin ƙasarsu.

Ƙarin amincewar da aka samo ta hanyar bayanai daga kamfanonin ƙididdigar ƙasashen duniya:

• Moody's.
• Standard & Poor's (S & P).
• Fitch.

An halicce su ne a Amurka a farkon karni na karshe, amma sun sami karfin duniya kuma sun kai matakin duniya.

Wadannan kungiyoyi ayyana kasa da kasa bashi ratings na kasashen, masana'antu, kamfanoni, banki cibiyoyin batun alaka kintace, kazalika da tsunduma a cikin bincike na kudi kasuwanni.

Sakamakon bayanin bashi

Kowace ƙididdigar hukuma ta ƙayyade ainihin ƙayyadaddun sauti. Ma'anar ainihin mahimmanci yana da ma'anar haruffa, kuma ana nuna alamomin tsaka-tsaki a kan sikelin S & P da Fitch tare da alamar "+" da "-", wanda ta wurin darajar ba ta bambanta da yawa daga cikin adadi na Moody ba.

Mene ne zane-zane daga hukumar kulawa?

Ganin la'akari da ƙimar kuɗin ƙasa tare da bayanan da suka dace, wanda hukumomi iri ɗaya suke bayarwa. Akwai nau'i hudu:

- kyau Outlook - yana nufin cewa a nan gaba, da rating ne wata ila don kara.

- Barga - ya aikata ba bãyar canji.

- Korau - m bashi rating Downgrade.

- A cikin akwati inda a can ne guda yiwuwa a matsayin rage ko karuwa daga cikin nuna alama, ayyana gwamnatin Outlook.

Ta yaya kudurin bashi na Ukraine da Rasha suka canza a shekarar bara?

A cikin shekarar 2014-2015, a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, abubuwan da ke faruwa suna haifar da ƙiyayya a cikin alamar tambaya. Kuma sakamakon farko ya riga ya san.

Rahotanni na Rasha sun karu daga Moody daga Baa1 zuwa Baa2 a karshen shekarar 2014. Bugu da ƙari, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin haɓaka - mummunan ra'ayi. Standard & Poor's ya sake biyan kuɗin da Rasha ta samu daga ВВВ- zuwa ВВ + a kasashen waje, kuma daga ВВВ zuwa ВВВ- a cikin gida na waje. Fitch ya yi watsi da BBB zuwa BBB a farkon shekarar 2015, duk da irin wannan ra'ayi mara kyau.

Kasar Ukraine, bisa ga hukumomin da aka kwatanta da ƙasashen duniya, suna cikin tsohuwar tsoho. A farkon shekara ta 2015, Fitch ya sanya darajar CC don amfani da shi. Sanarwar bashi na Ukraine a kasashen waje, bisa ga Standard & Poor, a karshen shekarar 2014 an rage daga matakin CCC zuwa CCC-.

Me yasa wannan yake faruwa? Ƙididdigar basirar ƙasashe yana raguwa bisa ga karuwar yawan bashin tattalin arzikin kasashen waje.

Zan iya amincewa da hukumomi masu la'akari?

A lokuta na cin hanci da rashawa a duk matakai, tambaya ta haifar da: "Yaya cikakkun bayanai game da kungiyoyi masu daraja?" Shin za a amince da su? " Lallai, ƙimar bashi na ƙasashe na iya rinjayar halin da ake ciki a cikin kasuwannin duniya kuma ya jagoranci kudaden zuba jari a ɓangaren da ba daidai ba. Idan bayanan bayanan da masu zuba jari ke amfani da su ba daidai ba ne, to, wannan ya kawo tambaya game da muhimmancin zuba jari kuma nan da nan ya bayyana a kan riba.

Hukumomin da aka ambata a baya sun yi aiki na wucin-gadi har tsawon shekaru, suna samun damar yin amfani da duniya. Yanzu aikin su shine su zama cikakkun bayanai kamar yadda suke da su don kiyaye matsayin su. Sanya ta kasa da kasa bashi ratings a kowace hanya ba shi yiwuwa a gurbata, don haka za su iya a yi amfani a matsayin abin dogara da tushen bayanai ga kasuwar bincike.