Samuwar, Kimiyya
A ci gaba da astronautics. A tarihin ci gaban cosmonautics a Rasha
A tarihin sarari ci gaba - shi ne labarin wani matsanancin hankali da mutane, da marmarin fahimtar da dokokin duniya da na so ne su daina saba da zai yiwu. Space bincike, wanda ya fara a karni na ƙarshe, ya ba da duniya mai yawa binciken. Sun damu duka biyu shafukan da m yawan taurari, da kuma quite terrestrial tafiyar matakai. Space ci gaba ciyar inganta fasahar ya haddasa binciken a fannoni daban daban na ilimi, daga kimiyyar lissafi to magani. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo.
rasa aikin
A ci gaba da astronautics a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje, ya fara tun kafin na farko kumbon sama jannati. A farko kimiyya da bincike a cikin wannan girmamawa sun kawai msar tambayar, da kuma tabbatar da yiwuwar sarari tafiya. A kasar, daya daga cikin sahun gaba na astronautics a tip na alkalami ya Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Daya" - domin shi ne gaba da Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, yanke masa hukumcin kisa saboda kisan gillar da Alexander II, da kuma ga 'yan kwanaki kafin rataye na'ura wajen samar da wani aikin da zai iya kawo wani mutum a cikin sarari. Shi ne a cikin 1881, amma Kibalchicha aikin da aka ba da aka buga har 1918.
yankunan karkara malami
Tsiolkovsky, wanda labarin da msar tambayar kwasfa na sarari jirgin zo a 1903, bai sani ba game da Kibalchicha. A wancan lokaci, ya sanar da a Kaluga College ilmin lissafi da kuma lissafi. Ya shahara kimiyya labarin "Binciken na m sarari roka kayan" shãfe a kan yiwuwar yin amfani da wani makami mai linzami a cikin sarari. A ci gaba da astronautics a Rasha, sa'an nan har yanzu da sarauta, fara da Tsiolkovsky. Ya ci gaba da roka tsarin zane, m da wani sashe mutumin da taurari, kare da ra'ayin bambancin da rayuwa a cikin duniya, ya yi magana daga cikin larura na gina wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam da kuma sarari tashoshin.
A a layi daya, da msar tambayar astronautics ɓullo da kasashen waje. Duk da haka, ya danganta tsakanin masu bincike ko a farkon karni, ko daga baya, a cikin 30s, kusan ba. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, kuma Esnault-Pelterie, an American, a Jamus da kuma a kasar Faransa da bi, aiki a kan al'amurran da suka shafi irin na dogon lokaci bai san wani abu game da aiki na Tsiolkovsky. Ko sa'an nan, da rarrabuwa na mutane zuwa shafi taki na cin gaban sabon masana'antu.
Pre-yaki shekaru da Great Patriotic War
Development of Space ci gaba a 20-40-ies sojoji na Gas kuzarin kawo cikas Laboratory da Jet propulsion Research Group, bi da Jet Research Institute. Cikin ganuwar na ilimi cibiyoyin yi aiki mafi kyau injiniya zukatan a kasar, ciki har da F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov kuma SP Korolev. A dakunan gwaje-gwaje na aiki wajen samar da farko jet inji ga ruwa da kuma m habaka, ɓullo da msar tambayar tushen astronautics.
A cikin pre-yaki shekaru da kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na II zane da kuma gina jet injuna da kuma roka jirage. A wannan lokacin, saboda wasu dalilai, da yawa da hankali da aka biya zuwa cin gaban cruise da makamai masu linzami da kuma unguided roka.
Queens da kuma "v2"
A farko a cikin tarihin na soja da makamai masu linzami na zamani irin halitta a Jamus a lokacin yaki a karkashin umurnin Werner von Braun. Sai V-2, ko "V-2" sa da yawa daga matsaloli. Bayan da shan kashi na Jamus, von Braun hawa zuwa Amurka, inda ya fara aiki a sabon ayyukan, ciki har da a kan ci gaban roka for sarari jirgin.
A shekarar 1945, bayan da yaki a Jamus don nazarin "V-2" ya zo kungiyar na Soviet injiniyoyi. Daga cikin su kasance da Queens. Ya aka nada babban injiniya da fasaha Darektan Cibiyar "Nordhausen", kafa a Jamus a wannan shekara. Bayan karatu Jamus roka, Korolev da takwarorinsa tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da sabon ayyukan. A 50 ta zane ofishin karkashin ya jagoranci halitta R-7. Wannan biyu-mataki roka ya iya samar da farko sarari gudun da kuma tabbatar da fitarwa zuwa low-Duniya kewayewa Multi-ton motocin.
Akayi na ci gaba astronautics
A amfani da Amirkawa a shiri na motocin ga nazarin sararin samaniya hade da aikin von Braun, bar a baya, a lokacin da Oktoba 4, 1957 Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na farko. Daga wannan lokacin shi ya tafi da sauri ci gaban astronautics. A 50-60-ies gudanar da dama gwaje-gwajen da dabbobi. A sarari, da karnuka da birai ziyarci.
A ci-gaba cin gaban Rasha cosmonautics an karɓa a duk faɗin duniya, a lokacin da sama da aka guba Yuri Gagarin. Sai da na ɗauki shi, ba tare da ƙari, wata babban taron a kan Afrilu 12 1961 shekara. Daga wannan rana ya fara mutum shigar azzakari cikin farji, a sararin expanses cewa kewaye da Duniya.
Kara ci gaba da na astronautics aka hade tare da kyautata a cikin fasaha damar da haifar da mafi dadi yanayi domin 'yan saman jannati. Lura da babban matakai na aiwatar:
- Oktoba 12, 1964 - cikin sarari guda kawo inji tare da mutane da dama a kan jirgin (USSR).
- Maris 18, 1965 - na farko da mutum spacewalk (USSR).
- Fabrairu 3, 1966 - na farko saukowa a kan wata na'ura (USSR).
- Disamba 24, 1968 - na farko ƙarshe manned kumbon sama jannati zuwa kewayewa Duniya da tauraron dan adam (USA).
- Yuli 20, 1969 - da ranar farko saukowa daga mutane a kan Moon (USA).
- Afrilu 19, 1971 - na farko kaddamar orbiter (USSR).
- Yuli 17, 1975 - da farko akwai aka docked biyu jiragen ruwa (Soviet da kuma American).
- Afrilu 12, 1981 - da farko "Space Jigila" (US) ya shiga sarari.
A ci gaba na zamani da astronautics
Yau, sarari bincike ya ci gaba. Nasarorin da baya haifa 'ya'yan - mutane sun ziyarci Moon da aka shirya don shiryar da sani da Mars. Duk da haka, da manned jirgin shirin yanzu masu tasowa karami ayyukan fiye da na atomatik interplanetary tashar. A halin yanzu gwamnati na nazarin sararin samaniya ne cewa samar da inji iya yada bayanai don Duniya game da m Saturn, Jupiter kuma Pluto, Mercury da kuma ko da halartar gudanar da bincike meteorites.
Layi daya sarari yawon shakatawa tasowa. Babban muhimmanci a yau da kasa da kasa da lambobi. Duniya al'umma ne a hankali zuwa ga ƙarasawa da cewa, babban cimma gaci, kuma binciken faruwa sauri kuma mafi sau da yawa idan hada kokarin da damar kasashe daban-daban.
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