Mene ne tashar sararin samaniya? Mene ne orbital tashar sararin samaniya?

Mun san haka kadan game da halittu, game da yadda da yawa ba a sani ba asirin shi riko. Babu wanda zai iya ko da kamar yi da asiran da suke duniya. Ko da yake 'yan adam ne a hankali motsi zuwa ga shi. Tun zamanin da, mutane suna so su fahimci abin da ke faruwa a cikin matsanancin sarari, abin da wuraren, fãce ga wannan duniya tamu ne a cikin hasken rana tsarin kamar yadda warware asirin cewa su rike. Mutane da yawa asirai cewa boyewa mai nĩsa duniya, ya kai ga cewa masana kimiyya sun fara tunani game da yadda mutum zai iya shiga cikin sarari su yi nazarin da shi.

Saboda haka akwai na farko tashar sararin samaniya. Kuma bayan shi - a rundunar wasu, mafi hadaddun da Multi-aikin bincike wuraren da nufin mamaye na m sarari.

Mene ne tashar sararin samaniya?

Wannan sigar musamman hadaddun shigarwa tsara don aika masu bincike da masana kimiyya a sararin samaniya don gwaje-gwajen. An located a kan Duniya ta kewayewa, masana kimiyya a can ne dace don tsayar da yanayi da kuma surface na duniya, za su gudanar da wasu bincike. Wadannan raga ne, kuma zuwa wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam, amma su ne ke iko daga ƙasa, cewa an, da ƙungiya ba a can.

Lokaci-lokaci, 'yan ƙungiya a kan tashar sararin samaniya maye gurbinsu da sababbi, amma da ta faru sosai da wuya a dangane da kudin sufuri a sarari. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci don aika jiragen ruwa don matsawa da zama dole kayan aiki, kayan goyon baya da kuma tanadi ga 'yan saman jannati.

A wadanne kasashe na da orbital tashar sararin samaniya

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da halittar kuma da gwaji na irin wannan wahala saituna - mai tsawo sosai, kuma m tsari. Yana bukatar ba kawai tsanani kudi, amma kuma masana kimiyya, ne iya jimre wannan matsaloli. Saboda haka, kawai duniya ta manyan ikokin iya iya ci gaba, gudu da kuma kula da wadannan na'urori.

Orbital tashoshin da Amurka, Turai (Esa), Japan, China da kuma Rasha. A karshen karni na ashirin, sama da jihar shiga tare don samar da International Space Station. Har ila yau a cikin wannan suna da hannu da kuma wasu sauran kasashen da suka ci gaba.

Station "Mir"

Daya daga cikin mafi nasara ayyukan domin gina sarari kayan aiki - tashar "Mir" samarwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Yana da aka kaddamar a shekarar 1986 (kafin zane da kuma yi aka za'ayi a kan shekaru goma) da kuma ci gaba da aiki har sai 2001. A sarari tashar "Mir" halitta a zahiri bit ta bit. Duk da cewa ranar da ta jefa aka dauke su 1986, sai da aka kaddamar kawai kashi na farko, a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe, shida raka'a aka aiko zuwa falaki. Fiye da shekara guda da aka gabatar a cikin sabis da orbital tashar "Mir", da ambaliyar ruwa, abin da ya faru da yawa daga baya fiye da Jirgi lokaci.

Arziki da kuma sauran kayayyaki da aka tsĩrar da su da tashar sararin samaniya da taimakon kai da motocin "Ci gaba". A lokacin da wanzuwar "Aminci" an halitta ta hudu kama jirgin. Domin data ma yana da kansa musamman saituna daga tashar Duniya - ballistic makamai masu linzami a karkashin sunan "Bakan Gizo". A lokacin da wanzuwar tashar a kan shi ziyarci fiye da dari 'yan saman jannati. A mafi tsawo zaman ya kasance a kan ta Rasha cosmonaut Valery Polyakov.

ambaliya

A cikin 90 na mahara da matsaloli, da kuma aka yanke shawarar dakatar da binciken na baya karni, da tashar ta fara. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa shi dade yawa fiye da ana tsammanin rayuwa, asali shi ya kamata ya yi aiki domin game da shekara goma. A cikin shekara ta ambaliya da tashar sararin samaniya "Mir" (2001), aka yanke shawarar aika ta zuwa kudancin yankin na tekun Pacific.

Sanadin ambaliya

A Janairu 2001, an yanke shawarar zuwa ambaliya tashar a Rasha. Kamfanin ya marasa amfani baki ɗaya, da kuma m bukatar gyare-gyare ma m tabbatarwa da kuma hatsarori kwashe rayuka. An kuma samarwa da dama ayyukan da ta yi hira. A sarari tashar "Mir" ya mai darajar su Tehran, wanda ya sha'awar yadda za a waƙa da motsi da kuma makami mai linzami gabatar da. Bugu da kari, akwai tambayoyi game da gagarumin raguwa a jobs, wanda bukatar da za a shafe ta. Duk da wannan, a cikin 2001 (da shekarar da ruwan tsufana na orbital tashar "Mir"), an shafe ta.

The International Space Station

ISS tashar sararin samaniya - wani hadadden, halitta da jihohi da dama. A sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, su goma sha biyar kasashen da hannu a sabon ci gaba. Domin da farko lokacin magana game da halittar da irin wannan aikin na dawo a shekarar 1984, lokacin da gwamnatin {asar Amirka tare da sauran} asashe da dama (Canada, Japan) sun yanke shawarar kirkiro super-orbital tashar. Bayan farkon na ci gaba, a lokacin da aka shirya hadaddun kira "Freedom", ya bayyana cewa jawabin da a kan sarari shirin ne ma manyan for jihar kasafin kudin. Saboda haka, Amirkawa yanke shawarar neman goyon baya daga sauran kasashe.

Da farko, su, ba shakka, Labarai kasar, wanda ya riga ya yi da kwarewa na ci na m sarari - to da Tarayyar Soviet, inda akwai irin wannan matsaloli: rashin kudade, shi ne ma tsada aiwatar da ayyukan. Saboda haka, hadin gwiwa na kasashe da dama da aka quite m bayani.

A yarjejeniyar da ƙaddamar da

A 1992, wata yarjejeniya a kan hadin gwiwa bincike na sarari da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Amurka da kuma Rasha. Tun wannan lokaci, kasar shirya hadin gwiwa expeditions da kuma hada yawarsu. Shekaru shida baya, na farko ISS kashi da aka aike zuwa sararin samaniya. Yau da shi kunshi wani sa na kayayyaki, wanda aka shirya don hankali gama 'yan more.

ISS kayayyaki

A tsarin da ISS kunshi uku bincike kayayyaki. Wannan shi ne wani American dakin gwaje-gwaje "Kaddara", wadda aka kafa a 2001, cibiyar "Columbus" kafa ta Turai explorers, a 2008, da kuma "Kibo" - Japan module tsĩrar da su kewayewa a cikin wannan shekara. Japan bincike module aka shigar a kan ISS karshe. Yana yanki da yanki aika a cikin sarari guda, inda aka saka.

Rasha ba ta da cikakken bincike a koyaushe. Amma akwai irin wannan na'urorin - "Search" da "Dawn". Wannan mini-bincike module, wanda a cikin ayyuka kadan kasa da suka ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da wasu kasashe, amma ba yawa na baya zuwa ga na'urorin. Bayan haka, yanzu wani multifunctional tashar ne da ake ci gaba a Rasha a karkashin sunan "kimiyya." An shirya cewa za a kaddamar a 2017.

"Ku gai"

Orbital tashar "Salyut" - wani dogon lokacin da aikin da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk irin shuke-shuke da 'yan guda, duk abin da aka piloted da kuma tsara don yakin DOS shirin. Wannan shi ne na farko Rasha tashar sararin samaniya da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda a shekarar 1975 tare da taimakon "proton" roka.

A shekara ta 1960 na farko ci gaba da orbital tashoshin da aka kafa. A wannan lokaci akwai riga wani "proton" roka zuwa kai. Tun daga halittar wani hadadden na'urar wani sabon abu masanin kimiyya zukatan da Tarayyar Soviet, da aiki suka tafi sannu a hankali sosai. A kan aiwatar da wani yawan matsaloli. Yana da aka haka ya yanke shawarar ya dauki amfani da aukuwa tsara domin "Union." Duk da "Ku gai da" sun sosai irin wannan a cikin tsarin. Babban kuma mafi girma a daki aka aiki.

"Tiangong-1"

Sin tashar sararin samaniya da aka kaddamar kwanan nan - a shekara ta 2011. An ba tukuna raya zuwa karshen ta yi zai ci gaba har shekarar 2020. A sakamakon haka, shi ya shirya ya gina wani karfi tashar. A fassarar da kalmar "Tiangong" na nufin "samaniya fada". Na'ura nauyi ne kamar 8500 kg. A ranar, da tashar kunshi biyu compartments.

Tun da kasar Sin sarari masana'antu shirin kaddamar da na gaba-tsara tashar, da aiki "Tiangong-1" ne mai sauqi a nan gaba. Babban burin shirin shi ne yin aiki tare da Tashar sarrafa jiragen ruwa na "Shenzhou", wanda a yanzu isar da kaya zuwa tashar, to cire kuskure data kasance kayayyaki da na'urorin, gyara su, idan ya cancanta, kazalika don ƙirƙirar al'ada yanayi na dogon zaman na 'yan saman jannati a sararin samaniya. Wadannan tashoshin na Sin yi zai riga da fadi kewayon manufofin da dama.

"Skylab"

The kawai American tashar sararin samaniya da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda a shekarar 1973. An nufin dauke da fitar da bincike a kan da yawa daban-daban al'amurran. "Skylab" gudanar da fasaha, da kuma nazarin halittu astrophysical bincike. A wannan tashar akwai uku dogon expeditions, shi dade har na shekarar 1979, sa'an nan ya rushe.

A "Skylab" da "Tiangong" da irin wannan matsaloli. Saboda kawai sai ya fara nazarin sararin samaniya, da ƙungiya ta "Skylab" ya gano yadda aiwatar da karbuwa daga mutumin a sarari, da kuma gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.

A farko balaguro "Skylab" dade kawai kwanaki 28. A farko 'yan saman jannati gyara wasu lalace sassa, kuma kusan ba ta da lokacin da za su gudanar da bincike. A lokacin da na biyu balaguro, wanda dade 59 kwanaki riga, shi da aka shigar da wani thermal insulating allo da kuma maye gurbin Hydroscope. The uku balaguro a kan "Skylab" dade 84 kwana, a yawan karatu.

Bayan kammala uku expeditions bayar da dama zažužžukan da yadda za a kara ci gaba da tashar, amma saboda da rashin yiwuwar shari shi zuwa mafi m kewayewa, an yanke shawarar halaka "Skylab". Abin da ya faru a shekarar 1979. Wasu jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga tashar ya iya ajiye, su yanzu nuna a gidajen tarihi.

Farawa

Bugu da kari ya na sama, a halin yanzu a cikin sarari guda suke har yanzu biyu tashoshin ba tare da matukan jirgin - inflatable Farawa Na kuma Farawa II, wanda aka halicce su da masu zaman kansu kamfanonin da hannu a cikin sarari yawon shakatawa. Su aka kaddamar a 2006 da kuma 2007 bi da bi. Wadannan tashoshin kada mayar da hankali a kan bincike na m sarari. Su main rarrabe ikon - shi ne cewa, da zarar madawwama biyu a lokacin da folded, suna kwanciya, suna fara kara muhimmanci a cikin size.

Na biyu model ne mafi alhẽri sanye take module zama dole masu auna sigina da kuma 22 kula kyamarori. Bisa ga aikin, shirya da kamfanin ya halitta abin hawa, wani mutum da za a iya aika zuwa na biyu a koyaushe a kananan abu for 295 na dalar Amurka. Har ila yau, a kan jirgin Farawa II suna da wata na'ura yi wasa wasan bingo.

sakamakon

Mutane da yawa yara maza kamar yadda wani yaro ya so ya zama 'yan saman jannati, ko kaɗan daga gare su gane yadda wannan wuya da kuma m sana'a. A Tarayyar Soviet, da sarari masana'antu sa da girman kai na kowane Bakan'ane. Nasarori na Soviet masana kimiyya a wannan yanki ne m. Su ne sosai muhimmanci da kuma lura, kamar yadda wadannan masu bincike sun kasance sahun gaba a fannin su, suna da haifar da nasu kome. A farko orbital tashar sararin samaniya da aka mai nasara. Su sun bude wani sabon zamanin da ci talikai. Saita na 'yan saman jannati wanda aka aiko zuwa sarari suKe, kasa isa m Heights kuma taimakawa wajen nazarin sararin samaniya, m ta asĩri.