Aiki da tsarin shuka kara

A Flora - daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki da kuma sabon abu abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya tamu. Shuke-shuke da ya bambanta a sau kamar yadda wuya kamar yadda su ne daban-daban don dabbobi. Abinda ya haɗa kan bangaskiya wasu daga cikinsu - stalk. Hakika, shi ne quite hadaddun da iri-irin tsarin, da ayyuka na waxanda suke da matukar bambancin. Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin tsarin da kara.

Overview

Wannan shi ne babban shaft rabo daga shuka. Yana a haɗe ganye da aka kwashe a kan kara zuwa haske a da tashar na'am da su da mafita na gina jiki, ruwa da kuma ma'adinai salts. Ya kamata a tuna cewa shi ne, akwai iya zama jinkirta gina jiki ", a ajiye". Bugu da kari, da kara tsarin ya shafi ci gaban da shi da 'ya'yan itace, da tsaba da kuma furanni, wanda bauta ga haifuwa na shuka jiki.

Babban tsarin raka'a su ne jama'ar da interstice. Kumburi kira da tashar, dama a kan abin da ganye ko buds. Saboda haka, tsakanin biyu m nodes aka shirya interstice. A sarari cewa an kafa tsakanin kumburi da kuma leaf petiole, kira sinus. Haka kuma, wadanda buds cewa suna located a cikin wannan yanki, da ake kira axillary. A saman ne wajen kara yana da wani koda, da ake kira koli.

Idan ka taka baya kadan daga cikin babban shugabanci na labarin, za ka iya gaya mana wani abu mai ban sha'awa. Shin ka san cewa interstices wanda tsire-tsire ne manyan isa su iya yin ko da kananan kegs? Wasu jinsunan bamboo, ba shakka! Wannan giant ciyawa yana da irin wannan karfi da mai tushe, wanda na su yi ba kawai jita-jita, amma kuma m rafts. Mai tushe daga m bamboo, m, kusan ba rot, kuma da ya kai ga zabi na da yawa matuƙan a zamanin da.

tsawon rayuwar

Kowa ya sani cewa mai tushe ne woody da herbaceous shuke-shuke bambanta ƙwarai a tsawon rai. Saboda haka, da dama daga ganye da ake samu a cikin temperate zone, shi ba ya rayuwa fiye da daya kakar. A kara ne woody shuke-shuke da za a iya sa fiye da daya karni. A duniya da aka sani bristlecone Pine Prometheus, wanda aka girma a Amurka a yau (WPN-114 index). Yana da aka sare a shekarar 1964. A cewar radiocarbon Dating, shi ya da shekaru ... 4862 shekaru! Ko da Kirsimeti itace da aka hadu, a lõkacin da ya riga a wani sosai "girmammawa" shekaru!

Abin da sauran siffofin da daraja da sanin, nazarin tsarin da kara? Gangar jikin da aka kira da babban tushe, a bushes cewa da mahara girma maki, wannan tsarin da ake kira kututturan. Ka tuna cewa akwai da dama iri. A nan ne rarrabuwa na da tushe, wadda aka soma a ranar.

Babban rarrabuwa

Very kowa kafa jinsunan. Kamar tuna kusan dukan itatuwa, da yawa daga cikin ganye. A wannan yanayin, da tsarin da shuka kara ne daban-daban da kyau-raya inji bangare, amma ba lallai ba ne cewa ta tsokoki kasance gaba daya woody. Misali - sunflower, masara, wanda akwati ne har yanzu quite m da kuma rai. A hatsi da m ɓangare na kara ne da ake kira culm. Yawanci, m ciki da shi (sai nodal zones). Duk da haka, da m nau'in yadu rarraba a tsakanin melons, laima shuke-shuke, da dai sauransu

Wasu ganye da rarrafe da kara. Its halayyar alama - da ikon ya dauki tushen kumburi. A misali mai kyau - daji strawberry.

Laza da curly irin, wanda a da yawa hanyoyi ne bambancin da baya, tartsatsi a cikin inabõbi. Daga cikin wadannan tsire-tsire ne ma herbaceous da woody jinsunan. Dukansu suna da wata babbar girma kudi, game da shi reinforcing da inji bangare ne kawai babu lokacin da za a ci gaba, amma saboda kurangar inabi a dire bukatar tallafi.

Alamar bisa ga title, entwine akai. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wasu irin tendrils entwine tushe kewaye iri na agogo, da kuma a wasu - a gaban shugabanci. Akwai kuma irin shuke-shuke, wanda mai tushe tare da daidaita nasarar za a iya lankwasa a duk inda. Ba kamar su, clinging jinsunan hawa na iyakacin duniya, vtseplyayas a cikin tiniest fasa da fissures a farfajiya na gashin-baki (hops, aiwi).

Mafi na kowa nau'i na kara

Idan ka dauki wani shuka da kuma yanke shi, a dubi tsarin da kara a wannan harka za su sau da yawa kama wani da'irar. Hakika, yanayi ne da ba a iyakance ba zuwa ga:

• Triangular giciye-sashe a cikin sedge.
• Tetrahedral daga nettles.
• Kyau da kuma hadadden polyhedrons cacti.
• Opuntia aka mĩƙe, kusan lebur a kan irin yanke.
• A tsarin da zaki fis kara da shuka yayi kama da reshe.

Amma ba ɗauka cewa wannan iri-iri da zai iya zama m. Overly m asymmetric mai tushe sau da yawa bayyana a sakamakon wani tsanani anomalies da kuma tafka magudi a ci gaba. A nan ne iri daban-daban data kasance gine-gine mai tushe.

Kamar yadda na kara motsa ruwa da kuma ma'adinai gishiri mafita?

Kamar yadda muka sani, wata shuka ga al'ada rayuwa dole ne dole a bayar da ruwa da kuma ma'adinai gishiri mafita. Daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da kara ne daidai da kai. Idan ka yanke wani reshe na Birch ko Maple a farkon sap kwarara, to, wannan za a iya samun sauƙin gani, saboda shi za a yalwace lambatu sap daga yanke surface.

Kusan dukkan jiki shuke-shuke Ribar conductive masana'anta. Duk waxanda suke da bambancin: Ruwa kuma mai ruwa-ruwa mafita da ake tãyar da daya, da kuma Organic abubuwa - wasu tashoshi. A shuke-shuke, da waɗannan Tsarin sau da yawa Ribar bugo inji tsokoki da cewa sun samar da da zama dole ƙarfi.

Kamar yadda na kara motsa kwayoyin halitta? Inda za su iya Stock sama?

All kwayoyin gina jiki suna ajiye a cikin na musamman Kwayoyin cewa taka rawa suna Stocking up. A gaskiya, saboda wadannan abubuwa da mutane kiwo a gida shuke-shuke: shi ne samar da mai da kuma fats, mafi muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran, aiki da kuma abinci masana'antu.

Kamar yadda mai mulkin, wadannan mahadi aka ajiye a cikin matasa harbe, tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsire-tsire. Muna tunanin cewa shi ne sananne ga dukan dankali, zaki dankali ko kirki ba, wanda idan duk abin da ke faruwa daidai. Amma ga bishiyoyi, da kwayoyin halitta ne mafi sau da yawa tara a cikin zuciyar. Saboda haka, shi ne daga wannan ɓangare na wasu jinsin dabino cire muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran masana'antu (waxes, mai).

Mene ne a ciki?

Ƙarami sabuwar girma shuka kututturan a farko an rufe shi da m fata. Daga bisani, shi ne gaba daya maye gurbinsu da wani marufi. Its Kwayoyin mutu gaba daya, har yanzu suna kawai wani komai "harsashi" cike da iska. Saboda haka, cikin fata da kuma toshe aka kasafta a matsayin rufe tsokoki, da tube shi ne multilayer tsarin.

Sabanin rare ra'ayi, shi ne kafa a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa da shuka. Tare da karuwa da shekaru kuma qara kauri daga cikin toshe kwalaba Layer. All na rufe masana'anta an tsara da yanayi kare da shuka jiki daga illa kuma sakamakon yanayi.

Dole ne mu tuna cewa duk wadannan bayanai ne na bayar da muhimmanci a wasu masana'antu. Da farko a woodworking. Saboda haka, wanda ya kamata ko da yaushe ka tuna da magani daga itace cewa wadanda sassa, wanda aka mamaye matasa da kuma hanzari rarraba Kwayoyin, shi ne mafi alhẽri ba don amfani a lokacin da rai da itace. A gaskiya, a fi na itace jefar da wannan dalilin. Wannan yadda muhimmanci shi ne a hakikanin rai ilmin halitta! kara tsari ne sosai rikitarwa, amma wajibi ne a san shi.

Saboda haka, wa'yannan yadudduka su hana wuce kima evaporation, wanda shi ne da muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da tsanani, kuma zafi sauyin yanayi, kare da shuka da ingress turɓãya da ta kauri cutarwa kwayoyin da zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya da kuma mutuwa da kwayoyin. Akwai kankanin stomata ga iskar gas musayar a cikin nama rufe surface, ta hanyar abin da shuke-shuke "Numfashi".

A cikin tube kamar yadda za ku lura kankanin bumps tare da ramukan kira lenticels. Suna kafa daga wani musamman manyan cell tushe masana'anta, abin da ya bambanta a cikin m size na intercellular sarari.

A karkashin cover harsashi (maimakon a surface) ne haushi, ciki Layer da ake kira phloem. Bugu da ari, ciki tsarin da kara hada da wani sieve tsarin da kuma abokin-Kwayoyin. Bayan su, akwai na musamman Kwayoyin a cikin abin da kara haja gina jiki.

haushi tsarin

Bast zaruruwa suna miƙa a tsawon, da kuma abinda ke ciki na matattu woody ganuwar a cikin ci gaban tsarin, aiki da m, da inji part. Yana dogara a kan su stalk ƙarfi, ta jure karaya. Sieve Tsarin - a tsaye shirya layuka na live Kwayoyin tare da disrupted nuclei da cytoplasm, wanda bãyukansu ga voyayyen harsashi. Su ganuwar suna shiga ta hanyar ramukan. A sieve Kwayoyin kasance a cikin kade-kade tsarin da shuka, wanda Forms da ruwa da kuma gina jiki mafita.

A ciki tsarin da kara ma ya hada da cambium, cikinsa da dogon, ya miƙa da lebur Kwayoyin. Su rayayye raba a cikin bazara da kuma bazara. Babban ɓangare na kara ne kawai itace. Very kama a tsarin to phloem, kuma kafa sel daban-daban siffar da aiki, wanda ya samar da dama kyallen takarda (mahara conductive Tsarin da inji babban nama). Tree zobba kafa ta duk Kwayoyin da kyallen takarda.

Saboda haka karatu da tsarin da kara 6 azuzuwan a yau da kullum da sakandare. Abin baƙin ciki, da ilimi shirin ne ba haka sau da yawa mayar da hankali a kan core. Amma shi ne kafa tare da wani bakin ciki bango manyan Kwayoyin. Su ba su ja ruwa da juna, kamar yadda play store da kuma ajiya part. Idan ka taba gani da zuciyar daga itacen akwati, ku yiwuwa tuna da "tsaye bakin ramin" cewa haskaka daga shi a cikin daban-daban kwatance.

Amma da suka taka gagarumar rawar! Shi ne na wadannan tyazham da suke da babban gungu na conductive Tsarin, na gina jiki tafi a cikin phloem da kuma sauran sassa na shuka jiki. Domin ya taimake ka yi zaton zace da tsarin da kara (dicots kazalika), za mu gabatar da asali data a cikin irin tebur.

Wannan tebur "Structure kara da shuka" zai taimake ka ka tuna da asali da aka gyara, don su gane aikin muhimmanci. Oddly isa, amma cikakken bayani game da shi zai iya zama da amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum.

Common fasali na ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin da kara

Yanzu za mu bincika ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin da kara. Oddly isa, amma wannan topic ne sau da yawa sosai wuya ga waɗanda dalibai da suke karatu o hanya. A general, idan ka akalla san general aiki na daban-daban Tsarin daga tushe, kuma sai su iya magance tsarin, ba tare da wani musamman kokarin. Kawai sa, da sifa da aiki na kara ake inextricably nasaba, don haka abin da suka kamata a karanta a tare.

A gudanar da kyallen takarda ɓullo da conductive Tsarin (sieve Kwayoyin) da wanda na gina jiki da ake tsĩrar da dukan sassa na shuka. Babban ɓangare na ganga akwai babban adadin inji nama, suna da alhakin da ƙarfi Properties. The matasa harbe dauke da wani raya tsarin na meristems.

Lokacin amfani da wani al'ada haske microscope za ka iya ganin cewa apical meristems ba Yunƙurin procambium da gusset meristem. Shi ne ta hanyar su fara da nunawa na farko tsarin da kara. A wasu tsire-tsire, shi yana na dogon lokaci. Cambium, wanda shi ne mai sakandare tsarin, Forms da sakandare tsarin da kara.

Features na primary tsarin

Ka yi la'akari da siffofin na kara tsarin. More daidai, ta farko tsarin. Dole ne mu bambanta a tsakiyar sanda (stele), da kuma na farko-domin bawo. Waje wannan haushi aka rufe da wani cover zane (periderm), kuma a karkashin shi akwai assimilation nama (hlorenhima). Ta yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen, kamar yadda abubuwa a matsayin irin gada tsakanin bawo da kuma inji nama (collenchyma da sclerenchyma).

A tsakiyar core aka kare a kan dukkan bangarorin da wani Layer na indodem. Mafi yawa daga shi shagaltar da ta conductive strands kafa ta ci daga conductive da kuma inji tsokoki, wanda muka yi magana, game kawai. A core kunshi wani kusan ba musamman parenchyma. Saboda gaskiya cewa ta sharri Kwayoyin dab da juna (as nanata sama), shi sau da yawa kafa iska rami wanda juz'i na iya zama da muhimmanci.

Cambium haifar sakandare xylem da phloem. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da farko bawo ne kullum mutu sabili da haka yana buƙatar a musanya, wanda ya samar da da kuma cambial nama. A karshe yana da daraja ambata cewa tsarin mai tushe sun fi mayar dogara ba kawai a kan irin shuke-shuke, amma kuma a kan yanayi a abin da suka yi girma. Ga saboda haka ya kamata nazarin tsarin da kara 6 aji.