Alt - menene wannan?

Alto - shi ne ba wai kawai wata irin operatic murya, amma kuma wani m stringed sunkuyar da kayan aiki. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna biyu ma'anonin da kalmar.

m kayan aiki

Viola - wani m kayan aiki, irin na da wani na'urar kama wani goge, amma ya bambanta daga shi a cikin manyan size. Shi ne saboda ya size Viola sauti yawa ƙananan fiye da goge.

Na dogon lokaci da wannan kayan aiki da aka sanya wa wani sosai qananan rawa a orchestras, tun lokacin da aka yi nufi ga wasan kwaikwayon na kawai talakawan kuri'u da aka kada a yi amfani da rare composers.

fitowan

Kamar da yawa daga cikin goge kida, a Viola fito a 15-16 ƙarni. Soviet m theoretician Struve yi imani da cewa shi ne progenitor na dukan kirtani stringed iyali da kuma na farko ya koma ƙungiyar makaɗa a 2nd rabin na 16th karni. A wannan lokaci, manyan wuri a cikin melodic muryoyin da aka gudanar high Viola. Viola shi ma kusa da wannan kayan aiki a cikin sauti da kuma size, da kuma shi ya zama daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya shiga cikin wani ƙungiyar makaɗa matsayin tsakiya murya, daidaituwa tattara abubuwa masu kyau da hakan. Saboda haka Alto zama irin gada tsakanin Fading daukakar iyali na viols da kuma zuwan na goge kayan aikin.

Tarihi na ci gaba

Saboda haka, Viola ya dogon zauna a wuri na karkashi saututtukansu a ƙungiyar makaɗa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da cewa masu kida kuma nuna watsi da kayan aiki. Musamman yi wasa da Viola ba koya, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa violinists zuwa Viola 'yan wasa sun kasance mãsu hasãra wanda zai iya ba da gaske wasa da wani al'amari, wani kayan aiki. Wannan kawai exacerbates halin da ake ciki, tabbatar da m da tausayin view na Viola composers.

Duk da haka, duk wadannan korafe-korafe kasance gaba daya cancanci. A kayan aiki yana da manya-manyan iya aiki, ake bukata kawai mutum wanda zai yi iya ganin su, kuma ya ba ji tsoro su gabatar wa jama'a. Suka zama Meyul Etienne (1763-1817), wanda ya rubuta da opera Uthal, a cikin abin da babban kuma mafi kirtani jam'iyyar da aka bai Alto.

A 1834, wani babban fan da connoisseur underrated kayan aiki Hector Berlioz halitta wani bututun sauti kira "Harold a Italiya", a cikin abin da babban jam'iyyar tafi Alta. A cewar labari, Berlioz fatan cewa a farko na ta play Paganini, amma wannan da aka hana ta mutuwa na mawaki.

sa unpopularity

Alt (ga photo kayan aiki. A cikin labarin), wanda tsaye tsakanin goge da cello, shĩ ne mafi karkata zuwa tsohon. Bugu da kari ga irin wannan tsarin da kuma irin Playing, wadannan kayan aikin akwai kuma uku al'umma kirtani ne daidai m, a sauti. Duk da haka, a cikin 17-18 ƙarni shi ya tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa da Viola sauti nasally da kuma bakin ciki. Me ya sa haka daban-daban, daga melodic da kuma m " 'yar'uwar"?

Gaskiyar ita ce, da kayayyakin aiki, an gina a yarda da duk dokokin da kuma matsayin da wadanda shekaru a orchestras ba an yi amfani da matsayin hasãra kida kawai ba zai iya yi wasa da su. Saboda haka, goge masu yi da aka tilasta don daidaita kayan aikin a artists, wanda ba ya so ya yi wani kokarin Master wani sabon fasaha da wasannin. Kamar wancan ne aka haife cikin runt Alto, wanda, duk da murdiya, kuma ya zama m ba kawai kida, amma kuma ga composers. Yana da muhimmanci a cikin wannan girmamawa da cewa wannan kayan aiki an san ta, har ma da Paris kide.

Shi ne kawai a cikin marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th gaskiya Alto koma ga band, ƙarshe wuce da mummuna kwafin.

A rabo daga masu kida

Abin mamaki, quite shahara kida kamar Paganini, zazzabin cizon sauro, Vieuxtemps, Sivori, ya ƙaunace su yi a wani Quartet Viola da cikakken ba m. Kuma ko da Vieuxtemps Viola aka sanya ta shahara master Maggini, inda singer taka leda a lokacin da ya kide. Kuma Alessandro Rolla, Paganini malami, haka brilliantly ƙware da wannan kayan aiki, wadda take kaiwa ga masu sauraro a cikin wani haukata.

Saboda haka, kawai sana'a kida iya gaske wasa da kyau a kan Viola da ma ba su sa shi a kasa da sauran kayan bushe da goge.

A rabo daga composers

Viola - shi ne mutane suke so kayan aiki tun da haihuwa na ƙungiyar makaɗa, da rabo daga abin da ya canjãwa tare da zuwan sautunan music of Handel da Bach. Wadannan composers sun adalci da hakkin daga na biyu goge.

Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Neapolitan makaranta kayan aiki darajar fara fada a sake. Kuma composers suna ƙara aika shi zuwa bunkasa bass muryoyin. Similar za a iya samu a Haydn, Gluck da Mozart tsakanin kasashen waje kuma Tchaikovsky da Glinka tsakanin Rasha composers.

Beethoven ta zuwa ga music alama heyday na Viola. A kayan aiki da ya karshe dauka ta rightful wuri, gano kuri'u biyu.

kirtani kayan aiki

Viola - wani kayan aiki kirtani ne saurare biyar ƙananan fiye da goge, da kuma wani octave fi cello. Mai upotrebitelny iyaka ne kananan octave to E da kuma 3rd octave, amma za a iya buga, kuma mafi girma sautuna. Notes za a iya rubuta a cikin QShortcut da Alto keys.

wasa dabaru

Good violin zai zama da sauki don canzawa zuwa Viola. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da dabaru na wasan da kuma shanyewar jiki a cikin wadannan kayan ne guda. The kawai bambanci - da sauti, shi ne kasa opaque, mai haske kuma velvety, ko kadan hanci.

Irin wannan takamaiman timbre - wani sakamako na girman da kayan aiki jiki, wanda ba ya zo daidai da da samuwar. Idan muka yi Alto, ba za a iya sa a kan kafada, amma shi za a iya buga kamar cello.

Da muhimmancin da artist ta solo Viola aikin sosai da wuya. Yawancin lokaci, wannan kayan aiki ne wani ɓangare na wani kirtani ko wani Symphony Orchestra, inda ya taka tsakiyar murya. Har ila yau, Alto dole wani ɓangare na kirtani quartets kuma daban-daban jam'iyya was.

A abin shekaru fara koya yi wasa da Viola?

Tun suna yara, kada zama violas. Guest kida bayar da shawarar cewa mallaki wannan kayan aiki, dole ne ka farko koyi yadda za a yi wasa da goge. Alto guda tafi bayan kammala karatu daga music makaranta a conservatories da kuma makarantu. Yawancin masu kida tare da wani babban vibration da kuma manyan jiki fi son wannan kayan aiki.

Alto

Akwai wani m kayan aiki, da ake kira Viola (photo kayan aiki da ka gani a sama), ko Alto. Shi ne mai jan iska kayan aiki na a gidan saxhorn. kewayon sauti - daga tsakiya zuwa high B-lebur 1st octave. Its sauti maras ban sha'awa da kuma inexpressive, saboda haka Alto ne kawai a yi amfani da iska, yafi regimental makada. shi ne yawanci dakatar da talakawan murya.

Alt: murya

Viola yaro ta da murya da kira girma daga kananan octave F zuwa F 2nd octave low kuma mace. Wannan murya mafi girma mawaki, wanda yawanci take kaiwa babban kiɗa. Da aka fi amfani rubutu - gishiri da kuma kananan octave E 2nd octave. A ƙungiyar mawaƙa emit iri biyu Violas: na farko da na biyu.

A farko da na biyu Alto

Da farko masu girma dabam daga A qananan zuwa F 2nd octave. Runtse da sauti na wannan ƙungiya sauti a lokaci guda rauni, kuma taushi, amma motsi zuwa saman, suka samu karfi, sami ƙarfi, kwanyarsa da fushi. Biyu saman rubutu iya ko da a kira shrill da tataccen. Beautiful sauti duk sautuna daga 1 st zuwa 2 nd octave. A cikin wadannan iyaka, violas iya ba daban-daban tabarau daga m ga mai haske piano forte kuma m.

Kamar yadda murya na Viola kira mezzo-soprano. Yanã bãyar da ita a Matte sautin ma'ana melodic adadi da kuma melodiousness.

Violas biyu octave sauti a kananan da kuma isa F 1st octave. Su halaye - nauyi, kuma m sauti, wanda ƙwarai rinjayar da sassauci da kuma motsi. Har ila yau, da murya ya kira contralto.