Analogues na penicillin. Maganin rigakafi penicillin rukuni: alamomi, umarnin don amfani da

Penicillin analogues sun bude sabuwar dama ga likitoci da magani daga cututtuka. Su ne mafi resistant zuwa enzymes daga kwayoyin cuta da kuma m yanayi na ciki, da m illa.

game da penicillin

Penicillins - shi ne mafi tsufa da aka sani maganin rigakafi. Su asusu domin da yawa jinsunan, amma wasu daga cikinsu sun rasa munasaba saboda da juriya. A kwayoyin ne iya daidaita da kuma zama m zuwa ga mataki na wadannan kwayoyi. Wannan ya sa masana kimiyya don ƙirƙirar sabon iri mold, penicillin analogues mallakan sabon Properties.

Penicillins da low yawan guba ga jiki, quite yadu amfani da shi ne mai kyau nuna alama na bactericidal sakamako, amma rashin lafiyan halayen ga su suna da yawa fiye da na kowa fiye da likitoci so. Wannan shi ne saboda da kwayoyin halitta na rigakafi. Wani mummunan halaye kuma iya hada wahala a hade su tare da sauran kwayoyi, musamman tare da irin wannan aji.

labarin

A farko ambaci a cikin adabi na penicillin da ya faru a shekarar 1963, a wani littafin game da 'yan ƙasar Amirka magani mutumin. Su yi amfani da wani ruwan magani na fungi a magani dalilai. A karo na farko a cikin haskaka duniya suka gudanar a samu Aleksandru Flemingu, amma wannan ya kasance ba a kan manufa, amma da hatsari, kamar duk mai binciken.

Kafin yakin duniya na II Birtaniya kwayoyin aiki a kan batun na masana'antu magani a bukata yawa. A wannan matsala warware a layi daya da kuma a Amurka. Daga wannan lokaci na penicillin ya fi na kowa miyagun ƙwayoyi. Amma a kan lokaci, da aka gano da kuma hada da sauran kungiyar na maganin rigakafi, wanda aka hankali maye gurbin shi da wani podium. Bugu da kari, kwayoyin fara don bayyana resistant zuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda wuya da magani daga tsanani cututtuka.

A qa'ida ta antibacterial mataki

A kwayan cell bango abun da ke ciki ya hada da wani abu da ake kira peptidoglycan. Penicillin kungiyar na maganin rigakafi shafar kira na gina jiki, inhibiting da samuwar da zama dole enzymes. Kananan kwayoyin ke mutuwa saboda rashin iyawa to sabunta cell bango.

Duk da haka, wasu kwayoyin koya su yi tsayayya da wannan m mamayewa. Sun samar da beta-lactamase, wanda ke lalata enzymes da shafi peptidoglycan. To jimre da wannan matsala, masana kimiyya ya haifar da penicillin analogues cewa zai iya rushe da kuma beta-lactamase, ma.

A hadarin da mutane

A farkon zamanin maganin rigakafi, masana kimiyya suna tunani game da yadda za su zama mai guba ga jikin dan Adam, saboda kusan duk mai rai metry kunshi sunadaran. Amma bayan jawabin da isasshen yawan karatu sun gano cewa, peptidoglycan a jikinmu akwai kadan, sabili da haka, ya haifar da wani tsanani cutar da miyagun ƙwayoyi iya ba.

Da bakan mataki

Kusan duk irin penicillins aiki a kan gram-tabbatacce kwayoyin HALITTAR staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheria da annoba pathogen. Har ila yau, a cikin su bakan na aiki ya hada da dukan gram-korau kwayoyin, gonococci da meningococci, anaerobic sandunansu, kuma ko da wasu fungi (msl, Actinomyces).

Masana kimiyya ƙirƙira sabon iri penicillin, kokarin hana kwayoyin yin amfani da su su bactericidal Properties, amma domin lura da nosocomial cututtuka , wannan kungiyar da kwayoyi ya daina dace. Daya daga cikin mummunan halaye na da irin wannan maganin rigakafi - kwayoyin overgrowth, kamar yadda ɗan adam hanji ne karkashin mulkin mallakar da kwayoyin m penicillin. Wannan ne daraja ambaton lokacin da ka dauki magani.

The main iri (rarrabuwa)

Modern masana kimiyya bayar zamani penicillins rabo a cikin hudu kungiyoyin:

1. Natural, wanda ake hada da fungi. Wadannan sun hada da benzilpenitsilliny da Zahnärzte. Wadannan kwayoyi da kunkuntar bakan na aiki, yafi da gram-korau kwayoyin.
2. Semisynthetic shirye-shirye da ciwon jure penicillinases. Suna amfani da su bi da fadi bakan na pathogens. Wakilai methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. kwayoyi kungiyar tare da fadi da kewayon ayyuka:
   - ureidopenitsilliny.
   - amidopenitsilliny.

biosynthetic fom

Alal misali ya kamata kai da wasu daga cikin mafi mashahuri a lokacin da magunguna da suka yi daidai da kungiyar. Mai yiwuwa daga cikin shahararrun pennitsilinov za a iya daukan "Bitsillin-3" da "5-Bitsillin". Su sun gano wani rukuni na halitta maganin rigakafi da kuma sun kasance shugaba a ta category, ya ba tukuna bayyana mafi m siffofin antimicrobial kwayoyi.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Umurnai na Amfani furta cewa, yana da wani beta-lactam kwayoyin na Extended mataki. Alamomi ga su amfani ne m rheumatic cututtuka da kuma cututtuka da lalacewa ta hanyar treponema (syphilis, yaws da pint). Samuwa a cikin foda. "Ekstentsillin" umurci manual ba ya bayar da shawarar da hade tare da ba-steroidal anti-kumburi kwayoyi (NSAIDs), tun da shi ne zai yiwu m hulda. Wannan na iya adversely shafi inganci na magani.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" yana nufin penicillin kungiyar. Ana amfani da magani daga cututtuka na sama na numfashi fili, fata da kuma mucous membranes, kabba da ciwon sanyi, syphilis, tetanus. Ana amfani da a matsayin m gwargwado bayan tiyata, don kula da gafarar rheumatism, qananan chorea, kwayan endocarditis.
3. Kwayoyin "smallpox" shi ne wani analog na gabanin Shiri. Ya zo a cikin nau'i na alluna ko granules. Ba da shawarar a hade tare da NSAIDs kuma baka hana. Sau da yawa yi amfani da magani daga cututtukan yara.

semisynthetic fom

Wannan rukuni na kwayoyi ya hada da chemically modified maganin rigakafi samu daga kyawon tsayuwa.

1. A farko tsaye a cikin jerin "Amoxicillin". Umarnin don amfani (da farashin - wajen ɗari rubles) ya nuna cewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da m bakan da aiki da ake amfani a kwayan cututtuka kusan duk wani wuri. Its amfani shi ne, shi ne barga a acidic yanayi na ciki, da kuma bayan sha a cikin jini maida hankali ne mafi girma fiye da na sauran 'yan wannan kungiya. Amma ba idealize da "Amoxicillin". Umurnai na amfani (da farashin a yankuna daban-daban na iya bambanta) yayi kashedin cewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi kamata ba za a wajabta ga marasa lafiya da mononucleosis, nasaba da mata masu ciki. Dogon lokacin da yin amfani da shi ne ba zai yiwu ba saboda wani gagarumin adadin gefen halayen.
2. Oxacillin sodium gishiri da ake sa a lokacin da kwayoyin cuta nuna penicillinase. A miyagun ƙwayoyi ne acid, shi za a iya dauka da baki, shi yana da kyau tunawa a cikin hanji. Ya aka hanzari excreted da kodan, saboda haka wajibi ne a kullum kula da da ake so taro a cikin jini. The kawai contraindication - wani rashin lafiyan dauki. An samar a cikin nau'i na alluna ko vials matsayin wani ruwa don yin allura.
3. A karshe wakilin semisynthetic penicillins - shi ne ampicillin trihydrate. Umurnai na amfani (Allunan) ya nuna cewa shi yana da fadi bakan na mataki, shafi biyu da gram-korau da gram-tabbatacce kwayoyin. Yana da kyau jure da marasa lafiya, amma taka tsantsan kamata a bai wa waɗanda suka yi suna shan anticoagulants (misali, mutane da cuta daga cikin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin), kamar yadda da miyagun ƙwayoyi potentiates ta mataki.

sauran ƙarfi

Penicillins aka sayar a Pharmacy matsayin foda ga allura. Saboda haka, domin igiyar jini ko intramuscular gwamnati, su dole ne a narkar da a cikin wani ruwa. A wani m yanayi za a iya amfani distilled ruwa ga allura, isotonic sodium chloride bayani ko novocaine biyu-kashi. Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa sauran ƙarfi kada ta kasance ma dumi.

Alamomi, contraindications da illa

The alamomi ga kwayoyin magani ne diagnoses: lobar da lobular ciwon huhu, empyema, sepsis da septicemia, kwayan endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis. A cikin mataki fall kwayan tonsillitis, diphtheria, da mulufi zazzabi, Anthrax, kabba da ciwon sanyi, syphilis, surkin jini fata cututtuka.

Contraindications don magani na penicillin kungiyar a bit. Da fari dai, gaban hypersensitivity ga miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma Kalam. Na biyu, da ta kafa ganewar asali na epilepsy, abin da ya sa shi ba zai yiwu ba don gabatar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin kashin baya shafi. Kamar yadda na ciki da kuma lactation, a wannan yanayin da ana tsammanin amfani dole ne ma ƙetare yiwu kasada, saboda placental shãmaki ne permeable zuwa penicillins. A lokacin liyafar, da yaro magani ga dan lokaci canjawa wuri zuwa wani hanya na ciyar, tun da miyagun ƙwayoyi shiga cikin madara.

Side effects na iya faruwa a dama matakan.

CNS illa iya zama tashin zuciya da amai, irritability, meningismus, convulsions har ma da coma. Rashin lafiyan halayen suna bayyana a matsayin fata raunuka, zazzabi, hadin gwiwa zafi da kumburi. Akwai sun kasance lokuta na anaphylactic buga da kuma mutuwa. Saboda yiwu bactericidal mataki farji candidiasis da baka da kuma dysbacteriosis.

amfani siffofin

Kariya dole ne a bai wa marasa lafiya da sosai hanta da na koda aiki lokacin da shigar zuciya rashin cin nasara. Ba lallai ba ne su bayar da shawarar yin amfani da mutanen da suke da yiwuwa ga rashin lafiyan halayen, kazalika da waɗanda ke da wata heightened ji na ƙwarai to cephalosporins.

Idan kwanaki biyar bayan da farkon far ne babu canji a haƙuri da yanayin bai zo, sa'an nan penicillin analogues kamata a yi amfani da su ko dai maye gurbin maganin rigakafi kungiyar. Lokaci guda tare da nada, misali, da abu "Bitsillin-3", kana bukatar ka kula da rigakafin fungal superinfection. Don yin wannan, rubuta fitar antifungals.

Bukatar bayanin don bayyana ga mãsu haƙuri cewa shan magani ba tare da katsewa saboda dalili anka juriya kwayoyin. Da kuma shawo kan shi bukatar karin iko da kwayoyi da sa mai tsanani illa.

Penicillin analogues sun zama ba makawa a zamani magani. Ko da yake shi ne farkon bude kungiyar na maganin rigakafi, shi har yanzu ya kasance dacewa domin lura da meningitis, kabba da ciwon sanyi da kuma syphilis, yana da isasshe m bakan da mataki da m illa, don haka shi za a iya amfani da yara. Hakika, kamar yadda tare da wani magani, a penicillins da contraindications da sakamako masu illa, amma suna biya diyya dama ga aikace-aikace.