Babban ayyuka na Bankin Duniya, tsari, rawar da tattalin arzikin duniya

Daga cikin manyan sha'anin kudi na duniya - Bankin Duniya. Ayyukan wannan ma'aikata sun gane cewa masana suna da muhimmanci sosai daga mahimmanci na bunkasa tattalin arziki na jihohi na duniya. Daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Bankin Duniya ya taimaka wa kasashe masu tasowa wajen inganta tsarin zamantakewar tattalin arzikin kasa. Don samun nasarar magance wannan da wasu ayyuka, an kafa cibiyoyin da dama a tsarin WB. Mecece takaddamarsu? Yaya ake aiwatar da ayyukan WB?

Janar bayani game da Bankin Duniya

Wani irin ma'aikata ne Bankin Duniya? Da cikakken suna da ayyuka na wannan tsari - menene suke da ban sha'awa? Bankin Duniya (The World Bank, da bankin duniya) - shi ne wani kudi ta duniya ma'aikata, wanda hadawa a dama daban-daban cibiyoyin.

Bisa ga bayanan jama'a da ke nuna ayyukan Bankin Duniya, babban bankin na Bank shine inganta yanayin ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihohi ta hanyar samar da taimakon kudi daga ƙasashe da aka ba su. An kafa kungiyar a 1945. Gidan hedkwatar banki yana cikin Washington.

Tsarin WB

Yi la'akari da ƙayyadaddun cibiyoyin da suka tsara tsarin bankin duniya. Ƙididdigar kudi da ke cikin la'akari sun hada da:

• IBRD (ko Bankin Ƙasa na Ƙasa don Tattaunawa da Haɓakawa);
• IDA (ƙungiyar, shugaban al'amurran ci gaba);
• IFC (ko Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya);
• MAGI (wata hukumar da ke kula da jarin kuɗi);
• ICSID (cibiyar da ke hulɗar da magance jayayya a cikin tsarin ayyukan zuba jari).

Ana kiran wadannan kungiyoyi don samar da bashi ga kasashe masu cancanta a kudaden da ake karɓa, kuma a wasu lokuta - bashi ba tare da kyauta ba. Har ila yau, kasashe suna tallafawa ta hanyar tallafi. Kasashen da ke ba da taimako ga Banki na Duniya sun hada da tattalin arziki, cinikayya, gyaran gyare-gyare a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da inganta ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa.

Bari mu bincika manyan ayyuka na Bankin Duniya.

WB ayyuka

Masu bincike sun fahimta irin wadannan bambam:

• Ayyukan zuba jari (musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, da kiwon lafiyar, da ilimi);
• Taimakon shawarwari na gwamnatoci na kasa kan al'amurran tattalin arziki, aikin bincike;
• Inganta ayyukan bayar da ku] a] en;
• Ayyukan na tsakiya (a game da rabuwa da aka raba tsakanin kasashen ci gaba da tattalin arziki).

Saboda haka, tsarin da ake la'akari da kudi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Ayyukan da aka lura da banki na bankin Duniya sune mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na bunkasa tattalin arziki na jihohin zamani. Bari muyi la'akari yanzu, ta wace hanya ce WB ta gane su a aikace. Wannan fitowar za a iya la'akari da shi a cikin ayyukan ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ambata da suka kasance daga cikin tsarin bankin duniya. Bari mu fara tare da IBRD.

Musamman na IBRD

IBRD ko bankin duniya don bunkasa da bunƙasa shi ne ma'aikata wanda ban da bankin bankin duniya ba, ban da Bankin Duniya. Ana aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa na Bankin Duniya akan wannan kungiyar. A gaskiya, IBRD shine babban tsari na Bankin Duniya. Ana iya lura cewa an kafa cibiyar ne a baya, a gaskiya, WB kanta, a 1944. An kafa Bankin Duniya don Tattaunawa da Haɓakawa bayan taron taron Bretton Woods. Dalilin aikinsa shi ne ya jawo hankulan tattalin arziki na jihohin da suka shafi aikin soja.

A cikin shekarun 1950, MBRD ya fara yin wasu ayyukan Bankin Duniya, kamar yadda aka gani a sama - musamman, don ba da lamuni ga kasashe masu tasowa. A cikin shekarun 1990s, kungiyar ta fara ba da rancen da ya dace ga kasashen dake da tsarin tattalin arziki. Ƙididdigar rancen IBRD na da dogon lokaci. Asusun ajiyar kuɗi ne ya bayar da tsawon shekaru 15-20. Asusun kuɗi na banki na samo asali ne daga kudaden kujerun, wanda adadin ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da aka ƙayyade, wanda aka ƙaddara ga jihohi masu shiga.

Musamman abubuwan ayyukan IDA

Wani muhimmin tsari da ke da alhakin ayyukan Bankin Duniya - IDA, ko Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya. An kafa shi a shekarar 1960. Manufar kafa shi shine samar da bashin bashi tare da tsawon lokaci na biya - kimanin shekaru 40-50 - ga jihohin da ke nuna rashin talauci na bunkasa tattalin arziki. Alal misali, a 1961, kungiyar ta yanke shawarar bayar da bashi zuwa India, Chile, Honduras, da Sudan. IDA ba wai kawai tana biyan kuɗi ba don taimakawa gwamnatocin ƙasashen da ke da matakan ci gaba na tattalin arziki, amma kuma suna taimakawa fitarwa daga kaya daga kasashe masu tasowa. Har ila yau, a cikin ilimin IDA shine aiwatar da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa daban-daban. Ƙasashen da ba su iya biyan kuɗi a kan yarjejeniyar IBRD za su iya ƙidaya a kan bashi daga IDA. Tun lokacin da aka fara, kungiyar ta ba da rance fiye da dala biliyan 90.

Mene ne IFC ke yi?

IFC, ko Ƙungiyar Harkokin Ciniki ta Duniya, wani muhimmin tsari ne wanda ya hada da Bankin Duniya Bankin. Ayyukanta suna iyakance ga samar da kudaden da aka tsara don bunkasa masana'antu na ƙasashen da ƙananan ci gaban tattalin arziki. Babban manufar wannan kungiyar ita ce bunkasa zuba jari a ayyukan da aka aiwatar a kasashe masu tasowa, inganta yanayin rayuwa na 'yan ƙasa da ke zaune a cikinsu. Ana ba da rance daga IFC zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda ke nuna alamun kirki a kan riba. Kalmar rance yana cikin shekaru 15. Ga dukkan ayyukansa, kungiyar ta ba da rancen kudi fiye da dala biliyan 20.

Yanayin MIGA

Abin da ya kamata a lura da shi ga Bankin Duniya shine cewa tsarin da ayyuka na wannan ƙungiyar suna da daidaituwa a tsakanin sassa dabam dabam. Daga cikin hukumomin da ke da alhakin warware babban nauyin ayyukan aikin zuba jari shine MIGA. Menene ya yi? MIGA, ko Hukumar Taimakon Gida ta Ƙasa ta Duniya, ta ba da tabbacin kuɗi na zuba jarurruka na kudi daga wasu hadarin da ba'a kasuwanci ba, da kuma tuntuba aiki a cikin hanyar sadarwa tare da gwamnatocin jihohi. MIGA ya karfafa janyo hankalin babban birnin kasar zuwa kasashe masu tasowa don inganta yanayin tattalin arziki.

Kasusuwan da masana masana'antu suka ƙaddara zai iya yin la'akari da ƙididdigar canja wurin kuɗi, da kwance na dukiyar masu zaman kansu, da rashin lafiyar siyasa. MIGA inganta zaman lafiyar na kudi gudana zuwa ga kasashe masu tasowa, kazalika da masu zuba jari 'wayar da kan jama'a game da monetary zuba jari al'amurra a cikin Game da tattalin arziki. Daga cikin manyan kayan aikin MIGA suna tabbatarwa. Kungiyar ta ba su kyauta fiye da dala biliyan 17 tun lokacin da aka fara. Tare da taimakon ma'aikata a kasashe masu tasowa, an saka jari a cikin adadin fiye da dala biliyan 50.

Ƙididdigar aikin ICSID

Yin nazarin abubuwan da suka dace da tsarin da bankin Bankin Duniya, yana da muhimmanci a bincika abubuwan da suka shafi ayyukan ICSID, ko Cibiyar Nazarin Zuba Jarurruka ta Duniya. Wannan shiri na inganta kariya, musharaka cikin daban-daban bukatun na abokan zuba jari ayyukan a cikin samuwa doka hanyoyin. ICSID tana hulɗar da kawar da wasu matsalolin tattalin arziki da ba su da tattalin arziki da ke biye da hulɗa tsakanin jihohi da masana'antu a cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa na kasa da kasa. Cibiyar da aka kula da ita ta fahimci ayyukanta ta hanyoyi guda biyu - sulhu, da kuma yadda za a yanke hukunci. Ayyukan ICSID sun biya, sa hannu a cikinsu yana da son rai.

Hanyoyin WB bashi

Za mu bincika takamaiman abubuwan bashi da aka ba su don cimma nasarar aikin da ya dace da ma'aikata irin su Bankin Duniya - ci gaba da jihohi da tattalin arziki. Ƙungiyar ta ba da bashi a cikin manyan nau'i biyu. Da fari dai, waɗannan su ne kudade bashi. An bayar da su ne domin samar da masana'antu a fannin tattalin arziki na kasashe masu tasowa, da kuma wasu bangarori na tattalin arziki da suke da muhimmanci daga ra'ayi kan warware matsalar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Abu na biyu, wannan manufa rance, directed a karfafa siyasa ci gaba. Samun su yana nufin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da suka dace da jihohi.

Taimakon shawarwari

A wasu lokuta, Bankin Duniya na iya yin ayyukan da za su iya rage tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sauran cibiyoyin kudi ko masu zuba jari da kuma gwamnatocin kasashen da suke buƙatar tallafin kudi. Alal misali, karɓar kudaden da ake bukata ta hanyar jihar a wasu lokuta na iya zama saboda buƙatar daidaita tattalin arzikin da tsarin siyasa zuwa wasu ka'idodin da masu bashi suke so su gani. Ayyukan Bankin Duniya na iya haɗawa tare da goyon bayan shawarwari na gwamnatocin jihohi don aiwatar da ayyuka da nufin cimma daidaitattun tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasa da ka'idodi masu dacewa.

Dabarun aikin WBG

Babban sassan ayyukan WB, duka a fannin ka'idar bashi da kuma a cikin sha'anin shawarwari, an rubuta su a cikin takardun daban - WBG Group Strategy. Ana amfani da wannan tushe a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar haɗuwa da Bankin Duniya tare da gwamnatocin jihohin da suke buƙatar taimakon kudi. Wannan tsarin shine tsarin. Yankunan musamman na ayyukan WB a filin taimakawa ga kowane mutum suna aiki, bisa ga takamaiman tattalin arzikinta da tsarin siyasa.

Sources na ayyukan kuɗi

Don haka, mun bincika wasu muhimman al'amurra na ayyukan ma'aikata, irin su Bankin Duniya. An san mu da ƙuduri da ayyukan wannan kungiyar. Yanzu za mu bincika wannan bangare na ayyukan WB, irin su samar da kuɗi don ayyukan kuɗi. Daga wace tushe ne wannan kungiya ta duniya ke aiki?

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na jawo hankalin kuɗi na WB don bunkasa, da kuma yin ayyuka masu mahimmanci. Alal misali, game da rance na IBRD ga kasashe masu tasowa, ana samun kudaden kuɗin da aka dace ta hanyar sayar da kaya masu daraja. Wata majiya da ke cikin ayyukan WB shine daidaitattun, wanda gudummawar da kasashe mambobin kungiyar ke bayarwa. Ana amfani da wannan hanya don cika wa] ansu abubuwan da suka danganci bashin bashi ga IBRD. A zubar da bankin duniya ma da babban birnin kasar ajiye a cikin adadin fiye da 193 dalar Amurka biliyan. A aikace, kungiyar bai riga ta yi amfani da wannan hanya ba, amma yana da irin wannan dama.

WB da sauran kungiyoyin duniya

Sabili da haka, munyi nazarin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da Bankin Duniya. Cikakken suna da ayyuka na wannan ma'aikata sun san mu. Shin za mu iya cewa WB na da nau'i na musamman? Wannan gaskiya ne. Amma akwai wasu kungiyoyin kasa da kasa wadanda ayyuka suna da alamun kama da ayyukan Bankin Duniya. Bari muyi la'akari da misalai.

Musamman ma, ayyukan Bankin Duniya da OPEC suna da wani kusanci. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawancin jihohin da ke cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Turawa na Man Fetur sun kasance cikin nau'in kasashe masu tasowa. Ana bayyana ayyukan OPEC, musamman, don taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin su ta hanyoyi masu dacewa don fitar da kayan da suka dace a kasuwannin duniya.

Bankin Duniya da IMF

Aiki da rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, bankin duniya ne isasshe kusa da wadanda na IMF (International Asusun bada lamuni). Wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da gaskiyar cewa an kafa su ne don mayar da tattalin arzikin ƙasashen duniya bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Ka'idojin gina ginin bankin duniya da IMF sun kasance kusa. Don haka, alal misali, yawan gudunmawar da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga babban jami'in ma'aikata ya ƙaddamar da tasiri game da ayyukan ma'aikata. Hakanan kamfanonin wadannan kungiyoyi za a iya gane cewa suna mai da hankali ga magance matsalar matsalolin tattalin arziki na kasashe waɗanda ke buƙatar tallafin waje na waje, misali, saboda rashin raguwa a ma'auni.