Binciken burbushin halittu - Science ne abin da? Abin da ake karatu binciken burbushin halittu?

Palaeontology - da kimiyya da karatu fasali na tsari da kuma ayyukan da kwayoyin cewa wanzu a cikin ma'aunan kasa baya, kiyaye burbushin, na gaba rayuwa da kuma oryctocoenoses.

zamani binciken burbushin halittu

Yana kuma iya iya bayyana a matsayin kimiyya da hulda da nazarin dukkan samuwa bincike manifestations na rayuwa a baya muhalli lokaci na rayuwa, a kowane rukuni (kwayoyin, yawan, biogeocoenosis).

Object of bincike ya nuna cewa palaeontology - shi ne mai nazarin halittu kimiyya, wanda shi ne a kusa da dangantaka da binciken kasa, wanda sanya m amfani da sakamakon bincike da kuma a lokaci guda hidima a matsayin makawa samun bayanai game da rayuwar muhalli. Yana da wannan dangantaka da kuma kayyade mutuncin binciken burbushin halittu, wanda tracks tare da sauran dalilai a ci gaba da rayuwa halitta a cikin m ma'aunan kasa baya.

Dalilin da kuma manufofin

Kamar yadda aka ambata, kimiyya da aka karatu binciken burbushin halittu dadaddun kwayoyin ne da suka rayu a cikin ma'aunan kasa baya. Wannan shi ne dalilin da binciken ya shafi cikin bayani na duk al'amurran da su zama. Wannan, musamman, tsarin (ilimin halittar jiki) da kuma taxonomy. rarraba a sarari, kuma lokaci. hanyoyi da kuma dokokin juyin halitta. salon da kuma yanayi.

All ayyuka suna da nasaba da juna. Saboda haka, bukatarsa ga karatu morphological siffofin ne ba wani karshen a kanta amma ne a hankali alaka da amfaninsa kwayoyin. Tsananin kimiyya tsarin ba za a iya gina ba tare da binciken juyin al'amurran da kuma hanyoyi na tarihi raya dabbobi da shuka kungiyoyin ba za a iya gano ba tare da wani bayani a kan serial wuri na saura a cikin yadudduka da kuma a kan tasirin muhalli dalilai a kan kwayoyin. Aikin bincike na samar da haske game da hanyar rayuwa saboda da ilimin halittar jiki na dabba. Saboda haka, karshe kuma mafi muhimmanci aiki na palaeontology - ilmi ne na juyin halitta daga cikin kwayoyin duniya a tarihi ci gaba na duniya.

rarrabuwa

Palaeontology - da kimiyya na dadaddun kwayoyin na daban-daban asalin. Wannan qa'idar da kuma kafa tushen ga rarrabuwa, kuma ma gano gaban da dama sassan:

• Paleozoology aka nazarin burbushin dabba kwayoyin. Ta, bi da bi, ne zuwa kashi biyu sassan: na farko na nazarin da tsoho kwaro, da kuma na biyu - na zamanin d vertebrate.
• Paleobotanist kishin nazarin m shuke-shuke. A da tsarin yana da yawa rassa Sciences. Wannan paleoalgologiya (nazarin m algae), da kuma paleopalynology (nazarin dadaddiyar pollen da spores na shuke-shuke), da sauransu. D.
• Paleomycology. The abu na ta binciken ne burbushin na fungi.
• Micropalaeontology. Wannan ne code sunan amfani lõkacin da ta je karatu saura na zamanin d kwayoyin (benthic protozoa, ostracods, daban-daban zooplankton da phytoplankton, kwayoyin).
• Paleoecology nazarin dangane da kwayoyin cewa wanzu a cikin m da, tare da juna da kuma da su yanayi kan sikelin da alƙarya da al'amarin.
• Paleobiogeography la'akari dokokin wurare na zamanin d kwayoyin a kusa dangane da ci gaba na canjin yanayin, tectonics, da sauransu.
• Biostratinomy da taphonomy suna karatu yaduwar alamu da tsoho binne zauna.

A tarihin binciken burbushin halittu: kafofin

Daidai fassarar ilmi game da yanayin da daftarin burbushin halittu ne wani haraji ga kasar Sin da kuma Turai naturalists Renaissance. A XVII karni, biyu da masana kimiyya (N. Steno, R. Hooke) kusan lokaci guda, da kansa da juna a karo na farko za a fara yin magana da dadaddun nau'in. A MV Lomonosov bayan shekara ɗari tasowa da ra'ayoyi da suke a gabãninsu, bayar da shawara cewa a yanayi a cikin tsari na da samuwar akwai m juyin canji.

Wadannan ra'ayoyi sa a gaba da kuma masana kimiyya daga wasu ƙasashe: Faransa Buffon da kuma J. Soulavie, Birtaniya John Hutton ..

Muhimmai na binciken burbushin halittu ya fara nunawa, idan a farkon na XIX karni W. Smith ya iya tabbatar da inji don ƙayyade da shekaru ma'aunan kasa tsarin na ga misali na invertebrate burbushin da aka bisa laákari da zaton mu, da farko ma'aunan kasa map a tarihi.

Binciken burbushin halittu matsayin kimiyya horo. A tarihin samuwar

A tushe na shi a matsayin kimiyya horo ne wani haraji ga Georges Cuvier, wanda, bayan wani zurfin kamanta ilimin Halittar Jiki bincike na kashi da ya rage daga zamanin d dabbobi masu shayarwa, zahiri halitta Vertebrate binciken burbushin halittu.

Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, Faransa botanist Adolphe Brongniart wallafa "History of m shuke-shuke." Kamar haka ya aza harsashin ginin paleobotanists.

Palaeontology - da kimiyya, da ake kira petromatognoziya. A farko ambaci wannan sunan Dates zuwa farkon na XIX karni. A karshe, kimiyya ya sami sunansa a cikin 1840s, a lokacin da Faransa D. Orbigny fara amfani da Kalmar "binciken burbushin halittu" a cikin wallafe.

Sadarwa tare da sauran sciences

Binciken burbushin halittu - wani kimiyya horo cewa ne a hankali alaka da sauran halittu kimiyyar. Wannan dangantaka ne yafi saboda da m amfani da hanyoyin da suka shafi kimiyya: yawan itatuwa aure, na cin gaba da ilmin halitta, cytology, Biochemistry, biometrics da sauransu.

Gudanar da zamani m karatu sau da yawa tare da yin amfani da latest dabaru dogara ne a kan yin amfani da daban-daban iri radiation, sinadaran analysis, da kuma scanning electron bincike da madubin likita da t. D. tabbatar da dangantaka ta kusa da juna daga irin wannan tarbiyya kamar yadda kamanta Anatomy, ilimin halittar jiki da kuma taxonomy dabbobi da shuke-shuke. A bukatar aikin bincike da kuma nazarin da morphogenesis na tsarin kwarangwal din burbushin sa da interpenetration na binciken burbushin halittu, Physiology, embryology, biomechanics.

A halin yanzu mataki da aka fadada links binciken burbushin halittu da muhalli kimiyyar (biogeocenology, biogeography) saboda da jari daga manyan yawa na abu, kyale a gudanar da wani kamanta bincike na tsohon tarihin kwayoyin via actualism hanyoyin.