Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence: Description

Church of Santa Maria del Fiore ne daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na Florence. Wannan dukan gine-gine gungu, wanda ya hada da wani baptistery (baptistery) da kuma campanile (kararrawa hasumiya). A karshen hidima a matsayin jagora rasa yawon bude ido, a matsayin da ta fito zuwa casa'in mita. A haske ja Dome na Santa Maria del Fiore ne hallmark na Tuscan babban birnin kasar. Da yake jawabi na take. Ikklisiya sadaukar da Virgin Mary, a Florence 'yan. Ba da nisa daga tashar jirgin kasa ne Santa Maria Novella. Ta kama wani akwatin inlaid tare da baki da fari facade. Amma da zarar ta kawo a kan Florentines tsoro, kamar yadda shi ne coci da Dominicans da Inquisition. Amma da "Madonna a wani Flower" ya wani wurin taron da townspeople, wata alama ce da yawa daga Florence. Wannan babban coci, ko kamar yadda fiye da ake kira a Italiya, da Duomo. A wannan labarin, za mu bayar da mafi cikakken bayani game da coci.

Tarihi baya na yi

Yana ãƙibar goma sha uku karni, a lokacin da bayan da shan kashi na Ghibellines ikon Roman Paparoma aka mulkinsu. Kuma ya nuna babban rabo na cocin Katolika a kan "patarenskoy (Albigensian) karkatacciyar koyarwa", ya fara da za a gina babbar Cathedrals. Sun kasance sũ ne don ya tashi sama da birnin a matsayin wata alama mamayar papal dalĩli. Har ila yau kada ka manta game da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation, wanda aka sa'an nan za ta Italiya. Duomo na Florence yi "outdo" sai tsohon kishiya birane kamar Pisa da Siena. A birni ne ma a bukatar irin wannan Haikali zai zama iya saukar da daukacin jama'ar. A babbar ga waɗanda sau Florence ta zarce ta yawan London mazauna. Talatin da dubu mutane - shi ne abin da da damar da babban coci da babban birnin kasar na Tuscany. An yi cikinsa a matsayin gine-ginen da aka za a rufe forum inda za su iya tattara dukan jama'a game da addinin Kirista ne daga kananan zuwa manyan. Hakika, da adadin yi bukata astronomical. Amma Florence goma sha uku ƙarni ta wadãta. Rini ulu da cinikayya kawo wani kwari samun kudin shiga birnin. Kuma saboda kudi domin gina shi.

Tarihi na Duomo

A wuri domin gina babban coci da aka zaba riga dilapidated ga dama ƙarni na Church of St. Reparata. The yanke, na rushe da aka gina a karni na hudu, da coci da aka sanya a cikin 1289. Kamar yadda shi ne na kowa a yau, a gasar da aka sanar, amma m aka lashe ta Florentine Kungiya na Arts, wanda nema ta memba, da m Arnolfo di Cambio, wajen samar da aikin. The domin kayyade cewa Duomo (Florence) ya zama ya fi girma, kuma ya aukaka ado fiye da Cathedrals Siena da Pisa. Na farko da dutse da aka dage farawa a cikin shiri na papal legate, Cardinal Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra a watan Satumba 1296. Arnolfo di Cambio da kaina directed da aiki. Amma bayan da ubangijinsa mutuwa a 1302, da yi tsaya ta kamar yadda shekara ashirin da takwas. Kila ce rashin kudi ga aiwatar da wannan babban-sikelin aikin. Amma a nan a cikin yi katsalandan da iko na sama. A cikin ginshiki na haihuwa coci na Santa Reparata aka "ta hanyar mu'ujiza gano" ikon Zinovy Florence. A labarai na mu'ujiza da aka kawo wa masu wa'azi na Kirista mutane ta kunnuwa, da kyautai na taƙawa mahajjata taimaka wajen ci gaba da gina.

Ƙaddarãwar babban coci

The aikin Arnolfo di Cambio, wannan shiri ne a kafa a cikin siffar wani Latin giciye. Nave na Santa Reparata aka supplemented ta biyu mafi naves a kan sãsanninku. A karshen al'arshi da aka tsara octagonal siffar. A semicircular apse da biyu gefen transept kammala da layout na Duomo. Florence a 1330, sai aka nada shugaba m Giotto - mafi gaye da kuma sosai biya artists na lokaci. Amma wani m m maimakon ci gaba da aikin wanda ya gada, tsunduma a yi da kararrawa hasumiya. Giotto mutu a 1337, lokacin da kawai na farko bene kampanilly aka gina. Kuma a cikin 1347, a Florence zo da baki annoba, da kuma duk abin da ya ba har zuwa babban coci. Bayan karshen annobar aikin koma. Domin kusan shekara saba'in na yi sun kasance shida manyan gine-ginen. Sun kasance Francesco Talenti da Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini, Alberto Arnoldi, d'Ambrodzho Giovanni Neri Di Fioravanti da Andrea Orkanya.

Dome Duomo (Florence)

By 1418 ganuwar da aka kammala. Iya kawai cajin su da Dome. Amma a nan suna da ciwon wahala injiniya yanayi. Area nufi Dome ya haka m cewa gine-ginen ya ji tsoron ya iya durkushe. Bugu da kari, shi ne m yadda za a isar da yi kayan zuwa tsawo na fiye da casa'in mita. The ayyukan da aka katse har shekara arba'in. Florence Majalisar ta sanar da na gaba da gasar. Na dauki gina Dome Filippo Brunneleski. Don daidaita tsarin m m kafa a kan wani octagonal akai ashirin da hudu a tsaye da kuma shida a kwance haƙarƙari zobba. Irin wannan tsarin na fiye da rabin karni da yake riƙe tridtsatisemitonny Dome na Santa Maria del Fiore. All shi an tsara su daki-daki. Ko Lanterna (fitilu na} asar turret) ne ba kawai wani gine-gine da ado. Ta ƙara da cewa load a kan yi drum, yin al'arshi mafi barga.

sigogi Cathedral

Ko kafin Dome aka kammala Brunelleschi, Florence Duomo tsarkake. Wannan ya faru a 1436. Domin wannan bikin, Florence zo da Roman pontiff kansa, Eugene huɗu. Wannan ya ba Santa Maria del Fiore, da karin nauyi a cikin idanu na Laity da limaman. A majestic gini na karin girma. A total yanki na babban coci ne 8300 sq.m. A haikali kara ɗari da hamsin da uku mita a tsawon kuma 90 m a fadin. Duk da haka, da haikali ba ya ba da alama na mai kauri, crushing. Godiya da kwarewar gine-ginen ya alama da za a iyo. A ganuwar tashi zuwa arba'in da biyar mita. Su crowning Dome tare da diamita na 42 m total tsawo daga cikin haikali (daga kasa har zuwa giciye a saman.) - ɗari da goma sha huɗu mita. Amma yana da wuya a yi imani da cewa babban coci da aka cikakke kawai a 1887.

waje gama

Eh, kyau facade, ya zama shahararren Duomo (Florence), ba wani samfurin na Renaissance Masters trecento ko kvadrochento. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin karni na sha shida ya buga fitar da wani shiri abin kunya. Da yawa jami'ai daga majistare kokarin yin hay a kan tenders. A sakamakon haka, Francis I, Grand Duke, umurce su da su daina aiki a kan beautification na facade. Kawai a cikin 1876, a cikin hanyar da aka yarda su dauki m da sculptor Emilio De Fabrice. Ya zo a sama tare da wannan wasan na launin marmara, a kan wani palette reminiscent na Italian flag. A zanen amfani da dutse daga Prato (kore), Maremma (m) da kuma Carrara (fari). Wannan polychrome gama Highlights da babban coci. Sama da nuna arches , za ka iya ganin murals cewa daidai da rayuwarsa a duniya na Virgin Mary. A tsakiyar ƙofar aka yi wa ado da wani mutum-mutumi na Virgin da Almasihu yaro a ta makamai. Bas-taimako ne kewaye da sha biyun nan. A saman ne m Gothic rosette. Next zuwa gare shi ake gani medallions tare da images of shahararren Figures na Florence.

ciki

Duomo a wani kasa marmari fiye da waje. Amma akwai wani tabbataccen bambanci tsakanin yadin da aka saka ligature waje ado, uncluttered ciki da ado. Dauki kula da a saboda lokaci mai Dominican wa'azi Savonarola, kanã abin zargi floreniytsev cewa sun daina tunanin mai sheki fiye da a kan m girma na addini. Amma kafin frescoes na karni na sha biyar, ayi a kan rufin babban coci, da gida ha] e ba sanya shi (wa ni'ima daga cikin zuriyar). Wadannan zane-zane da labarun shahara Florentines - Dante Aligeri, Giotto, Niccolo da Tollentino Giovanni Acuto da sauransu. Babban Katolika shrine Haikalin, yanzu jawo ba kawai mahajjata kamar yadda yawon bude ido, suna kaya daga Zinovy Florence, wanda, kamar yadda muka tuna, ya kara samar da kuzari ga yi na Duomo. Wani ado na babban coci - Clock, tsara a 1443 da Paolo Uchchelo. Kibau wannan timepiece tafi a gaban shugabanci, aunawa daga sauran lokaci kafin kiyama.

akwai gilashi

Ba za mu iya watsi da kyau zane-zane a kan gilashin. Arba'in da hudu akwai gilashi windows ƙawata transepts da nave arches na Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Su za a iya gani for hours. Marinjãya gilashi windows - Dome - kwatanta aikin Kristi da kuma cikin rayuwar Madonna. A ƙananan zane-zane da kishin annabawan Tsohon Alkawari da kuma New tsarkaka. The Dome kanta, asali fari (Brunelleschi tunanin cewa ya halitta ne haka da kyau, wannan ba ya bukatar ƙarin kayan ado), shi ne a karshen karni na sha shida aka fentin da Federiko Tsukkari da Dzhordzhio Vazari. Wannan almara fresco siffanta da afterlife. Ƙananan bene - zunubi daga jahannama cewa tuba ba samuwa. Tare da Dujal, da suka za a shan azaba har abada. Sama ya nuna rayuka a A'araf. Kuma kawai a saman, a cikin baka na Dome, a cikin taron mala'ikun Sama iya ganin Yesu Almasihu, da Virgin Mary, da siffa daga cikin Apocalypse da kuma tsarkaka.

The gine-gine

Duomo (Florence) ya hada fiye da daya coci na Santa Maria del Fiore, da kuma 'yan gine-gine. Baptistery, mai suna a cikin girmamawa Ioanna Krestitelya, da yawa girmi babban coci. Yana wanzu a cikin kwanaki na kananan majami'u na Santa Reparata (4 karni), amma ta zamani nau'i a cikin goma sha biyu karni. Next zuwa na biyar mafi girma a babban coci kararrawa hasumiya yakan a duniya. Its aka yi harsãshinsa a kan babban m na babban coci da Arnolfo di Cambio. Aikin da aka tsara da Giotto. Ya gina ta farko bene na vosmidesyatipyatimetrovoy campanile. Bugu da ari, ta zane aiwatuwa a cikin rãyuwar Andrea Pisano da Francesco Talenti kammala halittar. Kamar babban coci, kararrawa hasumiya da aka fuskanci iri uku masu daraja marmara. Yanzu kowa zai iya hawa zuwa kallo bene a saman da kararrawa hasumiya. Yana yayi wani m view of Florence da kewaye tuddai. Ba zato ba tsammani, a irin wannan dandali yana a kan Dome na babban coci.

gidan kayan gargajiya

Akwai wani gini a cikin hadaddun na Duomo. Yana da wani gidan kayan gargajiya. Wannan gini, ko wadanda mutane, shi ne ma sosai ƙwarai. Bayan duk, shi aka located bitar Brunelleschi. A 1891 da gidan kayan gargajiya da aka bude a cikin wannan gini, wanda lalle ne, haƙĩƙa bukatar ziyarci. Bayan duk, da Duomo a Florence ne kullum updated. Tsohon ɓangare, wakiltar wata babbar tarihi da kuma al'adu darajar, aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga gidan kayan gargajiya. Akwai za ka iya ganin ba kawai mawaka, wanda aiki a matsayin wata chorister na karni na sha biyar, amma da yawa daga cikin ciki na coci, baptistery da kararrawa hasumiya. Dutse mai daraja da wannan daukan hotuna ne shimfidu da Dome zane halitta da Filippo Brunelleschi. Cancanta na wasiƙa ne kuma mai tarin sculptures cewa da zarar qawata facade da ciki da haikalin. Daga gare su akwai wanda ba a kare aikin na Michelangelo - "Madonna Mourning Kristi" (Piette).

haikali Museum

Tafi zuwa ga Duomo da sha'awan da frescoes kuma akwai gilashi windows iya zama kowa. Entrance zuwa coci ne da cikakken free. Kada a sa a kashe ta da jerin gwano a babban kofa, shi motsa da sauri sosai. Amma dubi Dome up kusa, kazalika da hawa zuwa da kallo bene, ko gangara zuwa crypt, wanda ya nuna ragowar na zamanin d coci na Santa Reparata, kana bukatar ka biya kudi. Idan ka yi nufin samun matsahi na saba da gine-gine na Duomo, shi ne mafi alhẽri saya guda (hadaddun) tikitin.

The kudin na ziyara da kuma hours na aiki

Duomo Cathedral ne bude a kowace rana. Amma lokacin da yawon bude ido na iya samun a, dabam dangane da kwanakin mako. Litinin zuwa Laraba haikali ne bude tare da rabin da suka wuce goma zuwa biyar. A Alhamis da Juma'a ta rufe a rabin da uku a ranar Asabar - at 16:45. A ranar Lahadi, Santa Maria del Fiore ne kawai bude zuwa na biyu da rabi, kuma yanã gudãna zuwa shida. Ƙofar kallo bene da gidan kayan gargajiya akwai daga 10:30 har bakwai a kowace rana, har sai Asabar 16:40 je su. Script da kango na Santa Reparata suna samuwa ga wani suna fadin fee na uku Tarayyar Turai. Hawan zuwa Dome ko kararrawa hasumiya zuwa kallo dandali halin kaka 6 Je Yana da kyau saya guda tikitin. Kudinsa da yawa - talatin Tarayyar Turai. Amma da ya aikata dukan yini bayan na farko da iko da kuma bude kofa ga gidan kayan gargajiya, da Baptistery, da kallo bene campanile da Dome, da crypt da hurumi a nan kusa.