Copper: watsin, Properties, halaye da kuma aikace-aikace

A da yawa rassan zamani masana'antu ne sosai yadu amfani abu kamar tagulla. A lantarki watsin da wannan ƙarfe shi ne sosai high. Wannan bayyana yiwuwa na aikace-aikace da farko a cikin wutar lantarki aikin injiniya. Copper conductors aka samu tare da m yi. Hakika, wannan karfe an yi amfani ba kawai a cikin wutar lantarki injiniya, amma kuma a wasu masana'antu. Saboda ta munasaba ciki har da halaye kamar jure lalatattu halaka a wasu lalatattu muhallin, bijirewarsu, plasticity, da dai sauransu

tarihi bayanai

Copper ne da karfe aka sani ga mutum tun lokacin da. Ya yi bayani game da farkon gabatarwar mutane da wadannan kayan da farko ta ruwan dare a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'i na Nuggets. Masana kimiyya da dama imani da cewa shi ne na farko da jan karfe gano daga mutum na oxygen mahadi. Da zarar kankara kawai mai tsanani a cikin wuta, kuma cikin sauri sanyaya, haddasa su zuwa crack. Daga baya da jan dawo da ta fara samar da a kan gungumen azaba tare da Bugu da kari na ci da kuma hurawa bellows. Inganta wannan tsari karshe ya kai ga halittar da shaft gagarumar wuta. Har yanzu daga baya, da karfe fara samun da oxidizing smelting ores.

Copper: watsin abu

A cikin quiescent jihar, duk wani karfe free electrons a kusa da tsakiya. Lokacin da na waje tushen daukan hotuna ana shirya a jerin da kuma zama yan dako na yanzu. A mataki na karfe ikon ratsa shi karshe kira watsin. A naúrar na ji a cikin International SI Siemens aka bayyana a matsayin 1 CM = 1 ohm ^-1.

A watsin da tagulla ne sosai high. A cewar wannan nuna alama, shi ta fi gaban duk aka sani a yau tushe karafa. Mafi alhẽri daga mata a halin yanzu ya wuce kawai da azurfa. Nuna alama watsin da jan ne 57h104 cm ^-1 a zazzabi na +20 ° C. Godiya ga wannan dukiya da wannan ƙarfe shi ne a halin yanzu ya fi na kowa dukan shugaba amfani da masana'antu da kuma m dalilai.

Copper lafiya tsayayya m lantarki kaya da kuma shi ne abin dogara da kuma m. Bugu da kari, wannan ƙarfe shi ne halin da wani babban narkewa batu da kuma (1083,4 ° C). Wannan, bi da bi, damar jan na dogon lokaci zuwa aiki a wani mai tsanani jihar. Kamar yadda ruwan dare yanzu shugaba kamar yadda aluminum iya kawai gasa tare da karfe.

A sakamakon impurities a kan watsin da tagulla

Hakika, a cikin lokaci domin smelting na ja karfe an yi amfani da fiye da nagartaccen dabaru fiye da a zamanin da. Duk da haka, ko da a yau samun sosai m Cu ne kusan ba zai yiwu. A jan karfe ne ko da yaushe ba dukan kazamta. Yana iya zama, misali, silicon, da baƙin ƙarfe, ko beryllium. A halin yanzu, fiye da impurities a cikin jan karfe, da kasa ta lantarki bangaren. Domin yi na wayoyi, misali, shi ya dace kawai isasshen m karfe. Kamar yadda bayani dalla-dalla, don wannan dalili za a iya amfani da adadin da tagulla impurities ba wucewa 0.1%.

Sau da yawa sosai a cikin wannan ƙarfe shi ya ƙunshi wani yawan sulfur, arsenic da antimony. A farko abu muhimmanci rage da ductility na kayan. A watsin da tagulla, da sulfur dabam ƙwarai. wannan admixture bai gudanar halin yanzu. Wannan shi ne mai kyau insulator. Duk da haka, da wutar lantarki, watsin da tagulla sulfur ba ya shafar kusan kowace hanya. Haka ya shafi cikin thermal watsin. Tare da antimony da arsenic kishiyar gaskiya ne. Wadannan abubuwa ne iya rage lantarki watsin da tagulla ƙwarai.

gami

Dukan Additives za a iya amfani musamman ga inganta ƙarfin irin wannan roba abu kamar tagulla. Its lantarki watsin, suka kuma rage. Amma su yi amfani da iya muhimmanci mika rayuwar dukan kayayyakin.

A mafi yawan lokuta, a matsayin ƙarfi-bunkasa ƙari amfani da jan CD (0.9%). A sakamakon haka ne cadmium tagulla. Its watsin ne 90% na watsin da tagulla. Wani lokaci, maimakon cadmium kamar yadda Additives aka yi amfani da aluminum. A watsin da wannan ƙarfe shi ne 65% na wannan adadi tagulla. Don ƙara ƙarfi daga cikin wayoyi a cikin nau'i na Additives za a iya amfani, da sauran kayan da abubuwa - tin, phosphorus, chromium, beryllium. A sakamakon haka ne tagulla na wani iri. A fili na jan karfe da tutiya kira tagulla.

halaye gami

Dogara karfe lantarki watsin iya ba kawai a kan yawan impurities a gare su, amma kuma a kan sauran Manuniya. Alal misali tare da kara dumama zazzabi ikon jan halin yanzu sunã gudãna shi raguwa. Yana shafar cikin watsin da wani waya ko ta Hanyar yi. A cikin gida da kuma a cikin masana'antu za a iya amfani da taushi-annealed jan wayoyi da wuya kõma. A farko bambance-bambancen da ikon ratsa kanta bisa na yanzu.

Duk da haka, mafi muhimmanci sakamako, ba shakka, yi amfani da Additives da su yawa daga cikin lantarki watsin da tagulla. Tebur a kasa gabatar da karatu tare da cikakken bayani game da ikon da na yanzu auku fi na kowa gami da karfe.

A lantarki watsin na tagulla, da na tagulla m. Duk da haka, da farko karfe adadi, ba shakka, kadan m. Amma ya kuma fi da cewa da tagulla. Kamar yadda wani tagulla waya da ake amfani da quite yadu. Yanzu shi ya wuce kasa da tagulla, amma a wannan halin kaka da kuma kasa. Mafi sau da yawa da aka yi da tagulla sa lambobi, clamps da kuma sassa daban-daban na gidajen radiyo kan ware.

Copper gami da high juriya

Wadannan shugaba kayan ana amfani da yafi a yi na resistors, rheostats, lantarki kida da na'urorin. Mafi sau da yawa amfani da wannan manufa da jan gami constantan da manganin. A resistivity na farko (86% Cu, 12% mn, 2% Ni) ne 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, da kuma na biyu (60% Cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Sadarwa da coefficient na thermal watsin

A watsin da tagulla - 59,5 miliyan / m. Wannan adadi, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, daidai ne, amma kawai a zazzabi tsakanin +20 ^° C thermal watsin da wani karfe, kuma akwai wata watsin bond. Ya kafa dokar Wiedemann - Franz. An yi wa karafa a high yanayin zafi da aka bayyana a cikin wadannan dabara: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, inda y - da watsin, k - Boltzmann ta m, e - na farko cajin.

Hakika, irin wannan connection ta wanzu da kuma wani karfe kamar tagulla. Thermal da kuma lantarki watsin yana da matukar high. A na biyu wuri bayan shi ne na azurfa a kan biyu daga cikin wadannan Manuniya.

A fili na jan karfe da kuma aluminum wayoyi

A cikin 'yan shekaru a gidan da kuma masana'antu fara da za a yi amfani da ƙara high wutar lantarki. A lokacin Soviet sau, da wayoyi da aka sanya mafi yawa daga cheap aluminum. A sabon bukatun na ta yi, da rashin alheri, ba saduwa. Yau, sabili da haka, a cikin gida da kuma a cikin masana'antu sukan canza zuwa aluminum waya tagulla. Babban amfani da karshen, ban da bijirewarsu, shi ne cewa a cikin oxidative aiwatar da su conductive Properties ba rage.

Sau da yawa na zamani da wutar lantarki, aluminum da kuma jan wayoyi da za a haɗa. Yin wannan zai ba kai tsaye. A gaskiya, da watsin da aluminum da kuma jan bambanta ba da yawa. Amma kawai a cikin wadannan karafa. Oxidizing fim na aluminum da kuma jan da daban-daban Properties. Saboda wannan, da watsin da aka rage muhimmanci a connection. Oxidative film na aluminum bambanta yafi hakan juriya fiye da tagulla. Saboda haka, hade da wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na conductors dole ne a yi na musamman ta hanyar wani na musamman da adaftan. Yana iya zama, misali, clip, manna dauke da kare karafa daga abin da ke faruwa oxide. Wannan embodiment kullum yana amfani da adaftan a haɗa wayoyi a kan tituna. A dakunan akai-akai amfani da maha? Ar squeezing. Da zane hada da wani musamman farantin da ya gusar kai tsaye lamba tsakanin aluminum da kuma jan. A cikin rashi na wannan conductors a cikin gida yanayi, maimakon karkatacciyar wayoyi da shawarar zuwa kai tsaye amfani da wanki da goro ga wani tsaka-tsaki "gada".

jiki Properties

Saboda haka, da muka samu daga abin da lantarki watsin da tagulla. Wannan adadi na iya bambanta dangane da Make Up na karfe impurities. Duk da haka, da bukatar da jan karfe a cikin masana'antu da aka kaddara da kuma ta sauran m jiki Properties, to sami bayani a kan wanda shi ne zai yiwu daga tebur a kasa.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda irin wannan halaye na jan karfe, da wutar lantarki, watsin da thermal watsin da sosai high kuma shi ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin abubuwa na farko triad kungiyar Sabunta, kuma na farko da alkaline kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tebur. By ta asali sinadaran Properties sun hada da:

• hali ya form gidaje.

• ikon nuna masu launin mahadi da insoluble sulfides.

Mafi halayyar for jan ne divalent jihar. Kamance da Alkali karafa yana da kusan babu. Its reactivity ne ma low. A gaban CO ₂ ko ruwa film kafa kore carbonate a kan jan surface. All jan salts ne m abubuwa. A mono- da divalent bayyana da karfe Forms sosai a barga hadaddun mahadi. A mafi darajar da masana'antu su ne ammonia.

Bigiren amfani

A high thermal da lantarki watsin da tagulla kayyade ta fadi da aikace-aikace a cikin daban-daban da masana'antu. Hakika, mafi na karfe da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki, aikin injiniya. Duk da haka, wannan ba kawai yankin na da aikace-aikace. Bugu da kari, jan iya amfani da:

• a cikin kayan ado.

• a gine-gine.

• a lõkacin da gina ruwa da tsarin dumama.

• a gas bututun.

Don samar da daban-daban na kayan ado amfani da yafi jan gami da zinariya. Wannan qara jure nakasawa na ado da kuma abrasion. The gine za a iya amfani da shi don jan cladding na rufi kuma facades. Babban amfani da irin wannan gama shi ne m. Alal misali, zanen gado na wannan musamman karfe sanye rufin ne sananne gine-gine da waɗansu alãmõmi - Katolika Cathedral a Jamus birnin Hildesheim. Copper rufin ginin kare ta ciki sarari domin kusan shekaru 700.

aikin injiniya da sabis

Babban abũbuwan amfãni na jan ruwa bututu ne ma karko da kuma aminci. Bugu da kari, da karfe ne iya hašawa musamman na musamman Properties na ruwa, yin shi da amfani ga kwayoyin. Don tara bututun da kuma dumama jan tube ma fi dacewa dace - yafi saboda ta lalata juriya da kuma ductility. Lokacin da gaggawa karuwa matsa lamba irin wannan Lines iya yin tsayayya da yawa mafi girma kaya fiye da karfe. The kawai drawback na jan karfe bututu ne su high kudin.