Cycloalkanes - shi ... cycloalkanes: samun dabara, da kuma sinadaran jiki Properties

Cycloalkanes - shi ne hydrocarbons, wanda a cikin abun da ke ciki da rufaffiyar tsarin. Bari mu bincika siffofin da wadannan mahadi, su filin daga aikace-aikace.

aji Features

Mene ne cycloalkanes? Formula CnH2n aji nuna wani rashin hydrogen atoms. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya shafi biyu tatsuniyoyinsu. A madadin haka, tsarin ya zama wani biyu bond a cikin kwayoyin ƙunshi ko dai rufaffiyar tsarin. Abin da aka tsarin cycloalkanes da? Formula su yayi dace da na biyu hali, cewa shi ne, gaban a cikin kwayoyin na rufaffiyar tsarin. Shi ne tsarin da bayani dalla-dalla na musamman Yanã jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na wannan aji na hydrocarbons.

Ta yaya da yawa daban-daban cycloalkane yayi dace da abun da ke ciki C4H8? Don samun amsar wannan tambaya, shi wajibi ne don nazarin iri isomerism, waxanda suke da halayyar cycloalkanes. The biyu isomers da ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na iya samun cyclic tsarin: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Irin wannan wani zaɓi kira isomers na gefen sarkar.

Tun cyclo - wannan interclass isomers na unsaturated olefins iya la'akari da dabarbari na abubuwa, wanda aka hada da wani biyu bond. biyu Tsarin iya zama a cikin wadannan nau'i: butene-1 da kuma butene-2. Amsawa ga wata tambaya game da yadda da yawa daban-daban cycloalkanes iya zama domin samarwa dabara, shi wajibi ne su yi la'akari da ba kawai da cycloalkanes, amma kuma alkenes. Kawai a cikin wannan harka da shi zai yiwu to sallama da daidai amsar.

Saboda haka, cyclo - shi ne hydrocarbons, wanda dole a kalla iri biyu isomerism.

nomenclature Features

Names of takamaiman cyclic hydrocarbon abun da ke ciki ne da aka ba a cika daidai da na kasa da kasa nomenclature. Domin sansanonin amfani da wani carbon lamba a cikin rufaffiyar kewaye. Next, la'akari da sunadaran ba a gefen sarkar. Alal misali, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - ne mahadi a cikin abin da carbon atoms ne sp3 matasan jihar, kamar wancan zuwa cikakken hydrocarbons. Wannan yanayin ma'anar asali hanyoyin da shiri da kuma halayyar Properties na wannan aji.

Zabuka don samun cycloalkanes

Ta yaya zan iya samun cycloalkanes? Misalai na asali halayen nuna cewa akwai da dama zaɓuɓɓuka saboda su ilimi. Alal misali, cyclohexane aka samar da hydrogenation na aromatic benzene. Mahadi da uku, hudu zobe carbon atoms iya shirya ta tsakiyan nonon mata daga cikin kwayoyin halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Har ila yau cycloalkanes samu a cikin pyrolysis na salts na dicarboxylic Organic acid. Dumama ba tare da kasancewar iska take kaiwa ga samuwar na cyclopentane da cyclohexane.

sinadaran Properties

Naphthenes sinadaran Properties kama da cikakken hydrocarbons. Domin su, da peculiar dauki tare da halogens a kan irin canzawa. Bugu da kari, wakilan naphthenes shiga cikin wani sinadaran dauki tare da nitric acid. Cycloalkanes resistant zuwa mayar da hankali sulfuric acid. Tare da chlorosulfuric acid da kuma oleum dauki ne kuma zai yiwu: ƙarshe kafa sulfur oxide (4).

Naphthenes da ciwon a cikin kwayoyin na 5 da 6 carbon atoms suna dauke chemically barga fili. Amma lokacin da fallasa su a bromide ko aluminum chloride, shi ne su isomerization yana tare da takurawa ko tsawo na asali sake zagayowar.

isomerization

Alal misali, a cikin isomerization tsari, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane siffofin. A cikin man da aka samu da dama Kalam na cyclopentane da cyclohexane, wasu wakilan naphthenes akwai kusan ba ya nan.

A rarrabe fasali na sakandare hawan keke la'akari da ikon samar da irin wannan conformation a cikin abin da wasu carbon atoms an fuskantar zahiri, da kuma cikin madauki. Irin wannan sadarwa, ana kiransa intranulyarnymi, da waɗannan da aka located ciki da zobe, ya kira ekstranulyarnymi shaidu.

Alal misali, ga iyakar cyclodecane m conformation zaci intranulyarnyh shida da goma sha huɗu ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen atoms. Wannan ya nuna fidda CH2 kungiyoyin, wanda aka nuna a kara bond makamashi, inganta sinadaran Properties daga cikin fili.

Domin hydrocarbons da ciwon 12 ko fiye da carbon atoms, halin conformational motsi. Tun a C-yardar kaina rotatable, domin irin wannan sadarwa ba su kamata wanzuwar trans Kish kuma siffofin.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) zai iya ƙunsar wata halitta mai a cikin kewayon daga 25 zuwa 75 bisa dari. A gwada yawa abun ciki na su dogara a kan weighting sulusi da murabba'i. The man kasarun adadi wanda suna da wani babban tafasar batu, akwai wata karuwa a aromatic Tsarin. Musamman mai yawa naphthenes samu a Emba kuma Baku man fetur.

A gwada yawa rabo Figures ne up 80 bisa dari. A dangantaka tsakanin iri danyen mai da kuma rarraba cyclo-kasarun adadi. Kadan resistant dauke thermodynamically monocyclic hydrocarbons wanda da dogon kaikaice alkyl sarkar. CnH2n rarraba iri Tsarin shi ne kai tsaye alaka da yanayin zafi amfani a cikin barasan na man fetur.

Alal misali, monocyclic naphthenes ba gano a zazzabi kewayon 300-350 digiri Celsius, kuma bicyclic mahadi bace a wuce haddi da zazzabi nuna alama 400 digiri Celsius.

halaye cyclopropane

C3H6 ne mafi sauki wakilin naphthenes. Wannan gaseous abu da ciwon negligible solubility a ruwa. Daga cikin manyan sinadaran Properties halayyar da kwayoyin fili ware catalytic hydrogenation. A samfurin wannan hulda shi ne na ƙarshe hydrocarbon propane. Bugu da ƙari kuma, cyclopropane, wasu irin hydrocarbon, an mayar da martani tare da oxygen ta samar da carbon dioxide, ruwa tururi, Yã isa zama adadin kuzari.

Musamman wakilan da aji

Idan muka kwatanta da reflux zafin jiki na wakilan aji cycloalkanes da Manuniya ga alkanes da ciwon guda yawan carbon atoms, za su zama dan kadan mafi girma. A dalilin ne cyclical tsarin wannan aji. naphthenes yawa fiye da adadi ga alkanes, amma dan kadan baya zuwa fagen fama.

Domin fahimtar yadda da yawa daban-daban cycloalkanes dace daya dabara, dole ne ka yi bambancin ba kawai isomers na cyclic jinsunan, amma kuma tare da kai tsaye kwarangwal hada kotorgo da biyu bond. A gaban substituents a cikin kwayoyin a cikin nau'i na hydrocarbon radicals, a rage a cikin narkewa batu na cycloalkane.

Idan muka bincika cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na wannan aji na hydrocarbons, yana yiwuwa su yi matukar division abubuwa a kan mahadi da low hawan keke (uku ko hudu), da misali (biyar, shida, bakwai), matsakaici (daga takwas zuwa goma sha biyu), da kuma manyan hawan keke (daga goma sha biyu carbons).

Yankunan da amfani

Bari mu magana game da abin da primary amfani da cycloalkanes. Naphthenes ana amfani da magani. Alal misali, cyclopropane ne narcotic miyagun ƙwayoyi. Cyclopentane aka dauke mai kyau da sauran ƙarfi, da da'awar a cikin kwayoyin kira. Cyclohexane ake bukata a cikin sinadaran kira halayen da nailan, nailan (polyamide zaruruwa tsince), a Bugu da kari, shi ne da'awar samar da benzene. Cikakken alkanes da cycloalkanes mallaka low reactivity. Wannan hujja za a iya bayyana ta low polarity C-C bond. Bugu da kari, wani gagarumin adadin cycloalkanes amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.

ƙarshe

Gaurayawan na mutum hydrocarbons da naphthenes ana amfani da su tsirar lubricants. Wakilai daga wannan aji na hydrocarbons iya inganta aikin dizal habaka. Alal misali, cycloalkanes ƙari ma qara Octane lambar, qara danko, qara konewa zafi na engine. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa cycloalkanes ba ware daga mai ladabi man fetur kayayyakin, da kuma barin wani ɓangare na fetur sulusi da murabba'i.

Fi mai da hankali naphthenes ana amfani da kwayoyin kaushi. Cycloalkanes tare da talakawan kwayoyin nauyi amfani a samar da roba ƙuna. Isasshen naphthenes da ke a matsayin man fetur, tun babba adadin zafi a lokacin da konewa.