Denver chromosome rarrabuwa a matsayin dalilin karyotyping

All rayayyun kwayoyin halitta dauke da nuclei daga cikin sel da wani sa na kayyade abu. A eukaryotic Kwayoyin, shi ne wakilta chromosomes. Domin saukaka, lissafin kudi da kuma kimiyya da bincike systematize karyotype yin amfani da daban-daban dabaru. Matsahi na saba da hanyoyin da jerawa kayyade abu da misali na mutum chromosomes.

Nau'in mutum chromosomes

Karyotype - chromosomal dace da (diploid), located in wani daga cikin somatic Kwayoyin. Yana da wani halayyar da kwayoyin da guda a duk Kwayoyin fãce da jima'i.

Chromosome karyotype ne:

• autosomes, ba daban-daban a cikin mutane na daban-daban mata da maza.
• jima'i (m chromosome) ya bambanta a tsarin daga dabbobi daban-daban mata da maza.

adam Kwayoyin dauke da DNA strands 46, wanda 22 nau'i-nau'i daga autosomes da daya - al'aura. Wannan diploid 2n kafa kayyade abu. Couple geterohromosom mata nuna XX, maza - XY, nadi na karyotype, bi da bi, 44 da kuma 44 + XX + XY.

A jam sel (gametes) ne ba ko guda haploid sa 1n DNA. Oocytes dauke da 22 autosomes da daya X-chromosome maniyyi Kwayoyin - 22 autosomes kuma daya daga geterohromosom, X ko Y.

Me ne ganewa da kuma rarrabuwa na chromosomes

Denver da kuma Paris rarrabuwa tsarin na hereditary abu, yadu a yi amfani da kimiyya al'umma, tsara don daidaita kuma generalize ra'ayi na karyotype. A na kowa m ake bukata domin daidai gabatar da fassarar bincike da sakamakon a filin halittar jini, Karyosystematics, kiwo.

Schematically labarun karyotype amfani ideograms - systematized jerin da kuma shirya descendingly chromosome size. Ideogram nuna ba kawai girma na helical DNA, amma wasu morphological halaye, da kuma musamman su na farko tsarin (hetero- da euchromatin yankin).

By nazarin wadannan jadawalai kafa mataki na dangantaka tsakanin daban-daban taxonomic kungiyoyin na kwayoyin.

A karyotype iya zama wata biyu da autosomes, kusan m, a size, yin shi da wuyar gyara da wuri da kuma ƙidãya. Ka yi la'akari da abin da sigogi hada da Denver da kuma Paris rarrabuwa na mutum chromosomes.

A sakamakon taro a Denver, 1960

A wannan shekara, a birnin Denver, Amurka, da aka gudanar a taro a kan mutum chromosomes. Yana daban-daban hanyoyin codify chromosomes (size, matsayin centromere shafukan da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na Helix da t. D.) An hade a wata guda tsarin.

Shawarwarin da taron ya da abin da ake kira Denver rarrabuwa na mutum chromosomes. Wannan tsarin yana shiryar da ka'idodinta:

1. All mutum autosomes aka ƙidaya tutur daga 1 zuwa 22 tare da rage na su tsawon, jima'i chromatids sanya zane-zane da X kuma Y.
2. Chromosome karyotype kasu kashi 7 kungiyoyin da arziki centromere, gaban da tauraron dan adam da kuma sakandare constrictions a kan chromatids.
3. Don rage wuya da rarrabuwa amfani centromeric index, wanda aka lasafta ta rarraba da tsawon da gajeren hannu na dukan tsawon na chromosome da aka bayyana a matsayin mai yawan.

Denver rarrabuwa na chromosomes ne kullum gane a cikin kasa da kasa kimiyya al'umma.

chromosome kungiyoyin da su halaye

Denver chromosome rarrabuwa hada da bakwai kungiyoyin a wadda autosomes aka shirya domin na Ƙidayar, amma unevenly rarraba a yawa. Wannan shi ne saboda da siffofin ga wanda aka rarraba a cikin kungiyoyin. Read more game da wannan a cikin tebur.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da Denver rarrabuwa na chromosomes dangane da ilimin halittar jiki analysis, ba tare da wani magudi da DNA.

Paris rarrabuwa na mutum chromosomes

Dalili na wannan rarrabuwa, ya gabatar a 1971, dangane da hanyoyin da bambanci batawa na chromatin. A sakamakon haka, na yau da kullum zanen duk chromatids zama da kansa juna na haske da duhu makada, game da shi, saukin gano a cikin kungiyoyin.

A lura da daban-daban dyes na chromosomes gano mutum segments:

• Q-chromosome segments fluoresce a sakamakon da fenti-quinacrine mustard.
• G-segments aka nuna bayan Giemsa batawa Hanyar (kamar Q-segments).
• R-batawa segments wadda ta gabãta daga sarrafawa zafi denaturation.

ƙarin alamomin ana gabatar da nuna wurin da genes a kan chromosomes:

1. The dogon hannu na chromosome nuna wani žananan harafi q, short - Ƙaramin baki p.
2. Tu kafada ware har zuwa 4 yankunan, wanda aka ƙidaya daga centromere ga telomere karshen.
3. Lambobin hanyoyi ne kuma a cikin yankunan a cikin shugabanci daga centromere.

Idan matsayin wani gene a kan chromosome da aka sani sosai, ta tsara ne index na tsiri. Lokacin da gene sarrafawa kasa tabbataccen, shi nuna a fakaice located in dogon ko gajeren hannu.

Ga cikakken Taswirar na chromosomes, hybridization da mutagenesis binciken wani guda Hanyar ne ba makawa. Denver chromosome rarrabuwa da kuma Paris a wannan yanayin da ake inextricably nasaba da gaba da juna.