Dzheykob Shiff - biography, tarihin samun nasara, nasarori da kuma ban sha'awa facts

. J. Schiff (cikakken suna: Yakubu Genri Shiff) ne American Yahudawa banki, shuni da kuma zamantakewa himmar aiki. Yankunan da yawa na rayuwa a Amurka, na biyu mahaifarsa Schiff ya rufe babban kai da taimako da ayyukan. Alakokinsa da Tsarist Rasha masana tarihi ba da definition "sirri yaki". A halin da ake ciki na Yahudawa a Rasha Dzheykob Shiff idan aka kwatanta da bala'i na Littafi Mai Tsarki kakanninsa a Misira, a lokacin babban Fitowa.

biography

Yakubu Henry Schiff da aka haife shi a 1847 a cikin mashahuri iyali dangantaka da sunan Rothschild. Uba na banki ya rabbi. The saurayi samu mai kyau da kuma wadanda mutane addini da ilimi. A 1865 ya yi hijira zuwa {asar Amirka, inda ya fara aiki a wani banki. A 1875, Dzheykob Shiff auri 'yar daya daga cikin manajojin bankin Kuhn, Loeb & Co, kashi na harka-doka, da kuma a 1885 ya zama manajan banki. Karkashin jagorancin ma'aikata Schiff ci gaba ƙaruwa, ya zama zai yiwu su shiga a cikin kudi na dama manyan ayyukan a sassa na tattalin arziki. Shiff Dzheykob Henry cikin rayuwarsa tsunduma a kai da taimako da ayyukan.

Ya ya aure to Tereze LEB ( 'yar mai shi na banki, a cikin abin da wani saurayi da ya gina wani aiki). Aure yara da aka haife: 'yar Frieda da kuma dan Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff mutu a shekaru 73 a 1920. Aka binne shi a New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - jama'a adadi

Known banki ne daya daga cikin shugabannin Yahudawa al'umma a Amurka. Su a] en da wani yawan ayyukan: halittar Yahudawa sashe na jama'a library a New York, "Hibri College Union", Yahudawa tauhidin Seminary, da sauransu.

Yakubu Genri Shiff ta philanthropy directed kuma zuwa yawan wadanda ba Yahudawa ayyukan da cibiyoyin. Saboda haka, ya bayar da muhimmanci kudade ga American makarantu, da Boy scouts of America, kungiyar ta Red Cross da kuma sauransu. D.

Schiff ya gudanar da daban-daban girmamawa matsayi, musamman, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar kasuwanci ta Amurka, ya mai New York City Majalisar a kan Ilimi.

Dzheykob Shiff: hallara a siyasa

A shekara ta 1904, Schiff aka bayar an masu sauraro tare da Sarkin Great Britain Edward VII. Japan ta aiki da goyon bayan da Rasha-Japanese yaki, da banki samu lambar yabo daga Japan gwamnati: da Order of alfarma Treasure, da kuma mafitar rãnã. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa a Amurka (1909 th) Schiff William Taft goyon bayan dan takarar.

A shekara ta 1914, Dzheykob Shiff sanya a matsayin daya daga cikin halittawa daga cikin "hadin gwiwa" (American Yahudawa Rarraba kwamitin). The siyasa an abokin gaba na yahudawan sahyoniya, suna kiran wannan ra'ayin na Utopia.

"The Balfour Declaration"

Wannan bai hana Schiff a 1917, don fito tare da goyon bayan "Balfour Declaration". A 1917, Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniyar Arthur Balfour ya Ubangiji Rothschild yi magana wakiltar Birtaniya Yahudawa al'umma, da buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa haramtacciyar Federation. Harafin ayyana juyayi tare da Yahudawa Zionist bukatun gwamnati. Daga cikin zargin bazawa dalilai masana tarihi ganin daftarin aiki:

• Samar da matsa lamba a kan gwamnatin Amurka a kan wani ɓangare na American Yahudawa al'umma, da nufin karfafa ta shigarwa cikin yakin duniya na a matsayin memba na Entente.
• Samar da matsa lamba a kan Rasha Yahudawa ga manufar hana yaduwar ra'ayoyin na Bolshevism daga gare su, da kuma hana kasar fita daga yaki.
• Tabbatar da dama motsa jiki da iko a kan Palasdinawa ƙasa daga Birtaniya.

A cewar wani ra'ayin jama'a zabe gudanar a 2004 tsakanin fiye da dubu 20. Wakilai daga kasashen Larabawa kabila masana a cikin kasashe daban-daban, "Balfour Declaration" an dauke su a baya Millennium, "mafi tsanani daftarin aiki."

Rasha

Theme "Schiff da Rasha" sun sadaukar da harkokinmu yawa masana tarihi. Mafi yawansu ba su Dzheykob Shiff bayyana a matsayin wani m abokin gaba na Rasha autocracy. Wannan shi ne saboda, da farko, tare da nuna bambanci manufofin biyã da tsarist gwamnati wajen Yahudawa.

Schiff aka rayayye yi amfani da sirri dalĩli da kuma tasiri a cikin banki da kuma kudi kansu na Amurka matsa a kan Rasha hukumomi. Domin tilasta wa gwamnatin Rasha ta dakatar da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma yancin] an na Yahudawa Schiff overlaps kasar damar zuwa kasashen waje rance daga Amurka, Japan a] en da sojojin a Rasha-Japanese War, ya marubucin mai yawan kasashen waje da manufofin tunanin cewa zai iya haifar da wani tabarbarewar a huldar diplomasiyya tsakanin Amurka da kuma Rasha. Malaman tarihi da manufofin da ake kira da ayyuka zuwa Rasha "sirri yaki" canza "a cikin wani dukkan-cinyewa so." A matsayi na Yahudawa yawan a kasar Schiff idan aka kwatanta da bala'i na Littafi Mai Tsarki kakanninsa a Misira tun da girma Fitowa. Kansa gani a matsayin sabon Musa. Sai aka zayyana ta Schiff sirri jihadi da Rasha, masana tarihi yi imani, da gudummawar da ya tadawa, sabon abu ga wani shugaban Yahudawa.

Bayan nasarar da juyin juya halin Fabrairu Schiff ya canja da hali ga Rasha. Marhabin da gwamnatin rikon kwaryar kasar manufofin, wanda aka soke addinai hani da taimakon kudi na yaki da rance.

A Rasha juyin juya halin

A yawan tarihi Majiyoyi da m hannu na Schiff ya kuɗaɗen da juyin juya halin a Rasha a farkon XX karni. Wannan topic ne musamman yadu tattauna a lokacin pravomonarhicheskimi emigre da'irori. Duk da haka, kafofin da zai iya ƙarshe tabbatar da ko ƙi yarda da wadannan zarge-zarge, kamar yadda ba kuma shi ya ba. Haka kuma, masana tarihi ƙarya takardun shirya shafa Schiff da aka samu, da gaskatashi, ta sa hannu a] a] e da Rasha juyin juya halin.

An sani cewa a 1919 daya daga cikin monarchist wallafe a Rostov-on-Don a ƙirƙira daftarin aiki da aka bayar, inda ya bayyana cewa Bolsheviks Multi-miliyan dollar Grant aka samu daga banki Schiff, wanda ya taimaka musu lashe juyin juya halin.

A gwagwarmayar da yancin Yahudawa

Schiff ta da hankali ga halin da ake ciki na Rasha Yahudawa suka mayar a cikin shakka daga tarzoma a 1881. A farkon karni na 20th. a cikin arsenal na kayan aikin, ɓullo da Amurka Yahudawa al'umma a cikin gudana gwagwarmayar da hakkin Yahudawa a wasu kasashe, mafi tasiri ne da samuwar ra'ayin jama'a da kuma matsa lamba a kan gwamnatin Amurka. A farkon karni na 20th arsenal bayansa. Schiff shi wani sabon abu da aka kara - kudi ta duniya matsa lamba ga diplomasiyya kadaici da Rasha.

A farkon 1890s, Schiff gudanar da taimakon kudi ga bazawa na wata-wata "Free Rasha", wanda yake shi ne siyasa kungiyar wanda ke tsunduma a cikin rarraba da m "matsakaici amfanin" SRs. By wannan lokaci da adadi ya zama abokai tare da Yahaya. Kennan, an American jarida, sani na da aiki goyon bayan juyin juya-hali a Rasha. Jama'a daukan hotuna Kennan nauyi yanayi a wanda aka tsare a Siberian hijira fursunonin siyasa, su ne samar da kuzari ga rarraba a Amurka wani mawuyacin look at data kasance tsarin mulki a Rasha Empire.

A kan ajanda na mafi m kalubale fiye da inganta halin da ake ciki na Rasha Yahudawa da aka kafa. Wannan aiki ya - Rasha tsarin dimokuradiyya, ta hanyar kifar da Romanov daular.

Rasha-Japanese yaki

A 1890, a lokacin da ziyara a New York Port Rasha sojan ruwa jirgin ruwa, Schiff da aka shirya gangamin na kaurace wa taron da Yahudawa al'umma. A cikin gwagwarmayar da Rasha da wani halin kirki sharudda ba su rage kansa Yakubu Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, tarihi, ya rubuta a cikin littafin game da wannan himmar aiki: a watan Fabrairu 1904 da farko Schiff ya tara a gidansa na wakilan Yahudawa kungiyoyi da ya gaya musu cewa babu fiye da kwanaki biyu tsakanin Japan da kuma Rasha domin fara wani yaki. A banki kuma ce ya aka kusata da a request domin rance ga Japan gwamnati. Schiff ya so ya ji ra'ayi na waɗanda ba, kamar yadda wannan zai iya rinjayen matsayi na Rasha co-religionists. A fili, masana tarihi ce, wani m shawarar da aka sanya a cikin taron. Na samu taba Schiff tuba saboda na babbar lalacewar ta wurin ayyukansa Rasha? Wannan tarihi ba a sani.

rance

A farkon yakin gudanar Schiff American syndicate (banki gidan "Kuhn, Loeb da kuma K °», kasa, da bankunan) da aka bayar da Anglo-American rance ga Japan gwamnati (da adadin da aka game da 110 miliyan. Dollars. Yana ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kudi na wani m Japan da tabbatarda nasara. Bugu da kari, Schiff rayayye da kuma nasarar tsunduma a toshewa na ajiye Rasha rance a Amurka kasuwa. Sai suka gudanar da wasu bankunan Amirka daga rancen ga gwamnatin Rasha.

Schiff ya kudi aikin J. Kennan ga yaduwar musamman sauyi adabi a Rasha POW sansani a Japan. Aikin da aka sosai ya ɓadda. A cikin bazara na 1917, Kennan da kaina fada game da shi ga 'yan jarida. A cewar shi, a cikin sansanin, tare da goyon bayan Schiff ya zama zai yiwu ya sadar da ton na neman sauyi adabi, haka koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa game da dubu 50. Tsayuwa yunkuri.

Rasha na kokarin cimma yarjejeniya tare da Schiff

Rasha gwamnati aka yi ta kokari cimma yarjejeniya tare da Schiff, "ja" da shi zuwa ga gefen, ko a kalla neutralized. Babu gargaɗinsa gare gaza shawo Schiff daina taimaka wa Rasha neman sauyi motsi. Duniya na Romanovs ba za a iya kammala, Schiff ya ce.

Rikicin

Wasu masu tarihi sun yi imani da cewa matsayi dauka da banki a lokacin da Rasha-Japanese War, an kai tsaye alaka da tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki na Yahudawa a Rasha. Schiff, masana tarihi yi imani, suka aikata fiye da kowa ga worsening matsaloli na Rasha co-religionists, domin ba su boye gaskiya cewa yaki Japan da kuma Rasha da aka sanya yiwu godiya ga kudi na Yahudawa bankers.

A watan Agusta da Satumba na shekara ta 1904, a watan Oktoba 1905 a birane da garuruwa na Ukraine, Belarus, sa'an nan a kan dukan ƙasar Rasha, da kalaman na mugayen Rikicin lalacewa ta hanyar m zargin Yahudawa domin yaki da kuma shiri na juyin juya halin. A lokacin da tarzoma kashe fiye da 800 Yahudawa (wannan lambar ba sun hada da matattu daga raunin da ya faru). A kayan lalacewa sa ga Yahudawa yawan, kiyasta a fiye da 70 miliyan. Rub. A cewar wasu kafofin, a tarzoma kashe fiye da 4 da dubu. Kuma rauni game da dubu 10. Yahudawa. Schiff ya kasance mai aiki da taimakon kudi na Yahudawa kariyar kai raka'a.

A sakamakon haka, Schiff da ayarinsa a kan gwamnatin Rasha zuwa diplomasiyya matsa lamba matsayi na Rasha Yahudawa ya rincabewa ko da kara: a cikin lokaci daga 1912 har 1913th a kasar ta tsaurara dokokin da aka soma, wanda Yahudawa da aka hana na sharan zamantakewa hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci ya.

A farko Duniya

Tun da farkon yakin, gwamnatin Rasha sake nemi taimako daga Amurka kudi kasuwa. Schiff ya canza ba da wuri. Samar da Rasha bashi, ya yi tsammani zai yiwu ne kawai a karkashin yanayin canji da Yahudawa siyasa na Rasha hukumomi.

Fabrairu juyin juya halin

Da nasarar da juyin juya halin Fabrairu Schiff acclaimed. Umurnin 06.04.1917 na farko Yahudawa da aka bã su daidaita hakkokin tare da wasu 'yan asalin kasar. A juyin juya halin, ya yi imani Schiff - a hakikanin mu'ujiza, ko fiye da saki da Littafi Mai-Tsarki magabatan Yahudawa da mutane daga Masar bauta. Taimakon kudi ga juyin juya halin Musulunci gwamnatin shi ya tabbatar da cewa sosai muhimmanci.

"Barranta daga cikin ja ..."

A shekarar 1918, Schiff ya zargi a gaskiyar cewa, godiya ga ya kudi a Rasha, da Bolsheviks lashe. Schiff aika wata wasika zuwa ga US Department of State, a cikin abin da banki tantama barranta daga Reds.

Wasu masana tarihi, duk da haka, da goyan bayan bayanai game da aiki da kudi Schiff Lva Trotskogo. Bugu da kari, an san cewa kusan shekaru talatin bayan nasarar juyin juya hali, Amurka jami'an diplomasiya da kuma leken asiri da jami'an kawota tare da kudi daga Schiff syndicate.

Littafi Adler Cyrus

Babban tallafa dukkan Rasha juyin Dzheykob Shiff, biography da tarihin samun nasara wanda aka gabatar a cikin littafin na tarihi da kuma dan jarida Sairus Adler, da kuma a yau ne na sha'awa. A littafin da aka buga a shekara ta 2017 a birnin Moscow bugu gidan "Tsentrpoligraf". 575 shafukan dauke da wasu ban sha'awa facts daga rai daga cikin shahararrun American banki, shuni da kuma jama'a adadi, m da fuskoki dabam- dabam na wani hali. A littafin ne samuwa a matsayin rubutu Schiff da kuma sauran kayan tabbatar da versatility da zai amfane shi.