Fitsari: abun da ke ciki da kuma Properties

A sharar kayayyakin na jiki ne da fitsari. Its abun da ke ciki, kazalika da yawan jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, ko da a cikin m mutane ne m da kuma dogara a kan da yawa innocuous dalilai da cewa ba su da haɗari, kuma ba ya haifar da wani cututtuka. Amma akwai wani yawan Manuniya, ayyana ta da dakin gwaje-gwaje lokacin da gwaje-gwaje da cewa nuna wani iri-iri cututtuka. Zato cewa jiki ba shi ke nan, za ka iya yin kanka da kuma bukatar kawai domin jawo hankali ga wasu daga cikin halaye na su fitsari.

Kamar yadda shi dai fitsari

A samuwar da abun da ke ciki na fitsari da lafiya da mutum ya dogara da farko a kan kodan da kuma lodi (jijiya, sinadirai, ta jiki da kuma sauran), wanda ya karbi jiki. Kowace rana, da koda an shige ta hanyar kansa har zuwa 1500 lita na jini. Ina sosai, saboda wani mutum a cikin talakawan kawai 5 lita? A gaskiya wannan ruwa nama ko jiki ruwa (don haka, ya yi yawa, an kira da jini) ga wata rana ratsa kodan game da sau 300.

Tare da kowane nassi ta hanyar capillaries na koda Kwayoyin faruwa shi ne tsarkake daga wašanda ba'aso jiki tõzarta, da kuma sauran sunadaran. Ta yaya ne shi? The sama capillaries da bakin ciki sosai katangu. Su bijiro da batun kafa Kwayoyin aiki a matsayin irin mai rai tace. Sun riƙe manyan barbashi da kuma ruwa da aka wuce, da wasu salts, amino acid cewa seep cikin na musamman kwantena. Wannan ruwa da ake kira primary fitsari. Jini shiga koda tubules inda shi daga dama capsules dawo da tace abu, da kuma sauran fitarwa ta hanyar da ureters da kuma mafitsara m. Shi ne saba mana duk sakandare fitsari. Abun da ke ciki (physico-sinadaran da nazarin halittu, kazalika da PH) aka ƙaddara a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma wasu na farko da aka fayyace za a iya yi a gida. Don yin wannan, nazarin wasu daga cikin halaye na su fitsari.

gwada yawa Manuniya

Na wuce ta wata rabin dubu lita na koda jini cull game da 180. A lokacin da sake tacewa, wannan adadin an rage wa 1.5-2 lita, wanda shi ne wani nuna alama na guzuri a cikin adadin wanda for wata rana da lafiya da mutum ya kamata a kasaftawa fitsari. A abun da ke ciki da kuma adadin shi yiwuwa ya bambanta, dangane da:

• lokaci na shekara da kuma weather (a cikin rani da kuma zafi a cikin ƙananan rate).
• fiznagruzok.
• shekaru.
• adadin ruwa bugu hours (talakawan fitsari girma ne 80% na ruwa shigar da jiki).
• wasu kayayyakin.

Karkacewa daga gwada yawa norms a ko dai shugabanci na iya zama wani alama na da wadannan cututtuka:

• polyuria (fiye da 2 lita na fitsari a kowace rana) na iya zama wata ãyã daga jijiya cuta, ciwon sukari, edema, exudate, Ina nufin ruwa rabuwa a cikin gabobin.
• oliguria (fitsari 0.5 l ko kasa) ne a zuciya da kuma koda gazawar da kuma sauran koda cututtuka, dyspepsia, nephrosclerosis.
• anuria (0.2 l ko kasa) - nephritis alama, meningitis, m na koda gazawar, marurai, urolithiasis, spasms a cikin urinary fili.

Kamar wancan urination iya zama ma rare ko, conversely, m, m karuwa a nighttime. Tare da duk wadannan sabawa bukatar ganin likita.

launi

A abun da ke ciki na mutum fitsari ne kai tsaye alaka ta launi. Last ayyana takamaiman abubuwa urochrome secreted bile pigments. Me ya fi, da yellower kuma mafi cikakken (mafi girma yawa) na fitsari. An dauke al'ada launi daga tattaka, zuwa rawaya. Wasu abinci (beets, karas) da kuma kwayoyi ( "Amidopyrine", "asfirin", "furadonin" da sauransu) canza launi na fitsari ne m ko orange, wanda shi ne ma na kullum. A adadi gwada da launi na fitsari.

Cutar da aka ba m da wadannan launi canje-canje:

• ja, wani lokacin a matsayin nama slops (glomerulonephritis, porphyria, hemolytic rikicin).
• duhun tattara fitsari a iska har zuwa baki (homogentisuria).
• duhu Brown (hepatitis, jaundice).
• launin toka-fari (Piura, watau gaban ruɓaɓɓen jini).
• greenish, bluish (putrefaction a cikin hanji).

wari

A wani abun da ke ciki modified na mutum fitsari da kuma iya nuna wannan zaɓi. Kamar wancan ne, gaban cututtuka iya zaci idan wadannan scents mamaye:

• acetone (ketonuria alama).
• faeces (Escherichia coli kamuwa);
• ammonia (nufi cystitis).
• sosai m ƙi (a cikin urinary fili surkin jini yana da wani fitsari a cikin rami).
• kabeji, hops (gaban malabsorption methionine).
• gumi (isovaleric acidemia ko glutaric acid);
• saki kifi (Trimethylaminuria cuta).
• "Mouse" (phenylketonuria).

Yadda aka saba, fitsari na da pungent wari da kuma shi ne m. Har ila yau, gidan za a iya yayi nazari fitsari ko kumfa. A saboda wannan dalili ya zama dole don tattara a cikin wani akwati, da kuma Shake. A bayyanar m, dogon magance kumfa nuna gaban gina jiki a cikinsa. Bugu da ari, mafi cikakken, analysis ya kamata a gudanar da kwararru.

Turbidity, yawa, acidity

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, fitsari ne yayi nazari domin launi da wari. Har ila yau, fa, tã da hankali ga ta nuna gaskiya. Idan haƙuri turbid fitsari, da abun da ke ciki na iya hada kwayoyin cuta, salts, gamsai, fats, salon salula abubuwa erythrocytes.

adam fitsari yawa ya zama a cikin kewayon 1010-1024 g / lita. Idan shi ne mafi girma, shi nuna dehydration, idan ƙananan - m na koda gazawar.

Acidity (PH) ya zama a cikin kewayon daga 5 zuwa 7. Wannan adadi na iya bambanta dangane da mutum samu abinci da kuma magunguna. Idan wadannan dalilai suna cire, a kasa PH 5 (acidic fitsari) na iya nuna wani haƙuri ketoacidosis, hypokalemia, zawo, lactic acidosis. A PH sama 7 iya zama ba a cikin wata haƙuri pyelonephritis, cystitis, hyperkalemia, na kullum na koda gazawar, thyroid hyperfunction da kuma wasu sauran cututtuka.

Albuminuria

A mafi makaruhai abu influencing da tsarin da kaddarorin da fitsari, ne mai gina jiki. Kullum da shi dole ne ya fara tasawa zuwa 0.033 g / lita, Ina nufin 33 MG da lita. A jarirai da wannan adadi na iya zama 30-50 MG / l. A mata masu ciki, da furotin da a cikin fitsari kusan ko da yaushe yana nufin wasu rikitarwa. Yana da aka a baya tunanin cewa a gaban wannan bangaren a cikin kewayon daga 30 zuwa 300 MG microalbuminuria wajen, da kuma sama da 300 MG - macroalbuminuria (koda cuta). Yanzu ƙayyade gaban gina jiki a kullum fitsari, kuma ba a naúrar, kuma ta adadin zuwa 300 MG a ciki ba a dauke Pathology.

Protein a fitsari na iya zama dan lokaci (daya-lokaci) kara ga wadannan dalilai:

• postural (jiki matsayi a sarari).
• fiznagruzki.
• febrile (zazzabi da sauran fevers).
• ga m dalilai a lafiya mutane.

Protein a cikin fitsari da maimaita kima ne ake kira proteinuria. Shi ne:

• m (. mai gina jiki na 150 zuwa 500 MG / d) - shi ne bayyanar cututtuka tasowa a nephritis, obstructive uropathy, poststreptococcal m kuma na kullum glomerulonephritis, tubulopathy.
• matsakaici (. 500 zuwa 2000 MG / rana na furotin a fitsari) - shi ne poststreptokokovogo bayyanar cututtuka na m glomerulonephritis. hereditary nephritis da kullum glomerulonephritis.
• furta (fiye da 2,000 MG / rana. furotin a cikin fitsari), ya nuna cewa da haƙuri yana amyloidosis, nephrotic ciwo.

Erythrocytes da leukocytes

A secondary abun da ke ciki na iya hada fitsari da ake kira shirya (kwayoyin) precipitate. Yana hada gaban erythrocytes, leukocytes, barbashi lebur, cylindrical ko cubic cell epithelium. Ga kowane daga cikinsu yana da dokokinsa.

1. Red jini Kwayoyin. Yadda aka saba, ba su da maza da kuma mata dauke a cikin samfurin 1-3. A kananan wuce haddi da aka kira microscopic haematuria da kuma gagarumin - babban hematuria. Yana da wani alama:

• koda cuta.
• Pathology na mafitsara.
• Jini a cikin urogenital tsarin.

2. Farin jini Kwayoyin. A kullum na mata - 10 maza - har zuwa 7 a cikin samfurin. Da suka wuce haddi adadin ake magana a kai leykotseturiey. Yana da yaushe na nuna halin yanzu kumburi tsari (wata cuta daga wani sashin jiki). Kuma idan leukocytes a cikin samfurin 60, kuma mafi fitsari zama rawaya-koren launi, da kuma wani, surkin jini wari zama turbid. Samun leukocytes, dakin gwaje-gwaje da kayyade su hali. Idan shi ne kwayan, sa'an nan da mãsu haƙuri yana da wani cutar, kuma idan ba kwayan, leykotseturii dalilin da matsaloli tare da koda nama.

3. A sel da squamous epithelium. Yadda aka saba, maza da mata, cewa su ko dai ba su da ko accrued a cikin samfurin 1-3. Rarar da shawara cystitis, miyagun ƙwayoyi ko dismetabolic nephropathy.

4. barbashi epithelium cylindrical ko cubical. Yadda aka saba, ba. Rarar nuna kumburi cututtuka (cystitis, urethritis, da dai sauransu).

salts

Bugu da ƙari kuma shirya, da abun da ke ciki na fitsari gwajin kayyade unorganized (inorganic) precipitate. Ya bar daban-daban salts, wanda kullum kada ta kasance. A PH 5, kasa gishiri iya zama kamar haka.

1. Urata (dalili - matalauta rage cin abinci, gout). Sun yi kama da wani m tubali-m precipitate.
2. Oxalate (oxalic acid tare da kayayyakin, ko cuta - da ciwon sukari, pyelonephritis, colitis, kumburi a peritoneum). Wadannan salts ba fentin, suka kama octagons.
3. Uric acid. Wannan index aka dauke al'ada domin dabi'u na daga 3 zuwa 9 mmol / l. Rarar magana ne game da koda gazawar da kuma matsalolin da gastrointestinal fili. Yana kuma iya zama wuce a karkashin danniya. A lu'ulu'u na uric acid, salo da dama. A cikin daftarin, suka saya da launi na zinariya yashi.
4. Sulphate na lemun tsami. Da wuya farin precipitate.

A PH sama 7 irin salts:

• phosphates (hanyar zama kayayyakin dauke da wani yawa na alli, phosphorus, bitamin D, ko cuta - cystitis, hyperparathyroidism, zazzabi, amai, Fanconi ciwo). Wadannan salts precipitate a fari fitsari.
• tripelfosfaty (wannan dalilai kamar yadda a cikin phosphates).
• ammonium urate.

A gaban babban adadin salts take kaiwa ga samuwar na koda duwatsu.

cylinders

A canji a cikin abun da ke ciki na fitsari da aka muhimmanci rinjayi cututtuka hade da kodan. Sa'an nan, da tattara samfurori ne kiyaye cylindrical Kwayoyin. Sai suka samar da wani coagulated furotin daga koda tubular epithelial Kwayoyin, da maikacin jini, da sauransu. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira tselindruriey. Bambanta da wadannan cylinders.

1. Hyaline (curdled sunadarai na gina jiki, ko Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins). Kullum 1-2 da samfurin. Da suka wuce haddi ne a manyan fiznagruzki, feverish yanayi, nephrotic ciwo, koda matsaloli.
2. Granular (makale tare ganuwar lalace sel na koda tubules). A dalilin - mai tsanani lalacewa na koda Tsarin.
3. Kakin (coagulated gina jiki). Bayyana a cikin nephrotic ciwo, da kuma halakar da epithelium a tubule.
4. Epithelial. Kasancewarsu a fitsari nuna pathological canje-canje a cikin koda tubules.
5. Erythrocyte (ja jini Kwayoyin ne, clinging hyaline cylinders). Yana bayyana a lokacin da hematuria.
6. Leukocyte (shi ne laminated ko makafi farin jini Kwayoyin). Suna sau da yawa samu a tare da ruɓaɓɓen jini da kuma fibrin gina jiki.

sugar

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na fitsari da kuma nuna gaban sugar (glucose). Yadda aka saba, shi ne, ba. Domin daidai data nazari DSA kawai zargin, tun da na biyu deurinatsii (urination). Ganewa na sukari 2.8-3 mmol / rana. Yana ba a dauke wata cuta. Da suka wuce haddi za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar:

• ciwon sukari.
• endocrinological cututtuka yanayi.
• matsaloli tare da pancreas da kuma hanta.
• koda cututtuka.

A ciki, da kudi na sukari a cikin fitsari dan kadan mafi girma da kuma shi ne daidai 6 MG / rana. Bayan ganewa na glucose da ake bukata domin ku ciyar a cikin fitsari da kuma jini gwajin domin sugar.

Bilirubin da urobilinogen

A abun da ke ciki na al'ada fitsari bilirubin ba kunshe. Ko kuma wajen, shi ba ya sami saboda da zaran yawa. A gano shaidar irin cututtuka:

• hepatitis.
• jaundice.
• cirrhosis.
• matsaloli tare da gall mafitsara.

Fitsari bilirubin yana da wani tsanani launi, jere daga duhu zuwa launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa, da kuma tare da girgiza jũya yellowish kumfa.

Urobilinogen, wanda shi ne wani wanda aka samu da wani conjugated bilirubin, ko da yaushe ba a cikin fitsari kamar yadda urobilin (yellow pigment). A kullum a cikin fitsari na maza 0,3-2,1 raka'a. Ehrlich da mata 0.1 - 1.1 raka'a. Ehrlich (Ehrlich raka'a -. 1 MG urobilinogen ne 1 deciliter fitsari samfurin). The adadin ne a kasa al'ada alamar jaundice ko illa da lalacewa ta hanyar wasu magunguna. Wucewa matsayin nuna matsala tare da hanta ko hemolytic anemia.