Fungi: general halaye da kuma muhimmancin

Quite cikakken bayani game da kwayoyin ban sha'awa mana ba Koyawa a kan batun "Biology" (Grade 6). Janar halaye na fungi, duk da haka, - taken ga dukan littattafan da kimiyya takardunku. Wannan ba abin mamaki - ya yi nazarin su sosai ban sha'awa.

Namomin kaza, wani janar bayanin da aka gabatar a wannan labarin, muhalli da kuma trophic fihirisa - heterotrophic eukaryotes da kawai osmotrofnym irin abinci. Wannan definition fili bambanta su daga sauran kwayoyin zuwa sarari shagaltar da ta biota. Janar halaye na fungi da shawara cewa shi osmotrofnym hanya ikon saboda morphological, physiological da biochemical halaye na.

Vegetative jiki na fungi

A vegetative jikin mafi fungi ne mai matuƙar branched filaments (hyphae) tare da Unlimited girma, wanda tare suna kira mycelium ko mycelium. Yawanci, da mycelium ne gaba ɗaya nutsa cikin substrate (gona, shuka nama, dabba dung, sharan gona, da sauransu.), Kuma irin wannan fasali na da tsarin ba da damar ga iyakar tsantsa daga shi duka gina jiki jiki ta amfani da ekzoosmosa.

Organic abubuwa a cikin wadannan substrates ne yafi a cikin nau'i na high kwayoyin nauyi polymers (sunadarai, polysaccharides, nucleic acid) cewa kada ka wuce ta cikin cell inuwõyi. Saboda haka fungi, general halaye wanda mu ke da sha'awar da substrate emit depolymerase enzymes manne oligo- da polymers na monomers cewa za a iya hawa cikin Kwayoyin. Idan dabba narkewa kamar enzymes ake secreted a cikin hanji, sa'an nan da namomin kaza da suka tsaya a waje, sa'an nan da fungal hyphae za a iya kwatanta su da ga wani everted gut.

haifuwa na fungi

Cikakken nutsewa cikin substrate mycelium takaita su waste a cikin sarari. Saboda haka, su haihuwa gabobin an sa a gaba a kan surface na substrate, ko tashe sama da shi don yada a cikin iska, ko (idan substrate ne a cikin ruwa) da ruwa-ruwa matsakaici. Mutane da yawa fungi (macromycetes) spore-qazanta jikin su ne manyan, a fili a bayyane zuwa ga tsirara ido (mafitar sama da ƙasa shlyapochnye namomin kaza da girma a kan ko tinder itace). Sauran fungi (mikromitcety) ne kananan jikin sporulation, su tsarin za a iya gani kawai karkashin wani microscope, amma sai suka samar da wani taro na raya launi a cikin nau'i na hare-hare da fungi a kan daban-daban substrates.

Biyu na mulkin fungi

Phylogenetic zane nuna cewa ecomorphs "naman kaza" ba kama monophyletic kungiyar, da kuma ne zuwa kashi biyu da muka sani suma (mulkin). Mafi sashi, da ake kira "gaskiya fungi" (eumitsety) monophyly kuma shi ne ainihin mulkin fungi (fungi). The karami part, da ake kira "gribopodobnymi kwayoyin" (psevdomitsety) ya zo tare da wasu tsiren ruwan teku a Mulkin Stramenopila, wanda suna harhada cikin Ƙungiyarku biyu - Oomycota (oomycetes) da kuma Labyrinthulomycota (net slime kyawon tsayuwa). Bisa ga wannan rabo gina up general halaye na fungi. Amanita, kamar yadda za ka iya gani - wannan shi ne kawai bangare na duk abin da suka bambancin.

Primary da kuma sakandare metabolites

All metabolites conventionally kasu kashi Firamare. Primary metabolites ne na wajibi ga ci gaban na jiki, da kuma irreplaceable. Wannan nucleic acid, sunadarai, carbohydrates, coenzymes, lipids, da dai sauransu Daga cikin wadannan gina salula da wasu gabbansa -. Tsakiya, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell bango da kuma membrane Tsarin waxanda suke da namomin kaza. Janar halaye na farko metabolite ne cewa su kitsen Kwayoyin suna amfani da matsayin tushen abinci da makamashi. Secondary metabolites ne na wajibi ga karbuwa ga yanayin rayuwa. Su na iya faruwa a wasu jinsunan da ba ya nan a wasu. Ba kamar da primary, secondary metabolites - ne yawanci low kwayoyin nauyi mahadi.

sunadaran

Tsarin sunadaran wani bangare ne na cell bango, membrane Tsarin, chromosomes an gina cytoskeletal abubuwa - microtubules da microfilaments. Enzyme sunadaran samar da duk kwayuka matakai da kuma hulda da yanayi.

carbohydrates

Tsarin polymeric carbohydrates - tushen da cell bango, wanda suke fungi. Janar halaye na carbohydrates cikin sharuddan sinadaran abun da ke ciki ya sa ya yiwu, su raba su ƙungiya uku kungiyoyin: glucose da sauran monosaccharides da carbohydrates covalently nasaba peptides (glycoproteins).

Glucose polymers - shi ne glucans, chitin da cellulose. Glucans ne mikakke ko branched sarƙoƙi na glucose kwayoyin. Su dokoki ne da matsanancin Layer na cell bango na mafi fungi. A cikin kwayoyin na chitin glucose sharan ana riskar da amino kungiyoyin (aminated) to wanda, bi da bi, suna a haɗe acetic acid sharan (acetylated). Kwayoyin "stitched" tare branched kwayoyin sauran polysaccharides dokoki da m kwarangwal na cell bango. Cellulose da aka samu a duk yayi nazari Oomycetes a cikin abin da shi ne game da 10% na cell bango taro. Long imani da cewa shi ba gaskiya ba ne fungi, amma yanzu ya nuna da kasancewar a cikin garun wasu Ascomycetes (HALITTAR Ophiostoma).

Polymers sauran monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, da sauransu.), Da ake kira a cikin mafi girma da shuke-shuke hemicellulose, akwai ba duk kungiyoyin na fungi. Musamman mai yawa polymers na mannose - mannans - a cikin cell ganuwar da yisti. A fili, irin wannan tsarin samar da budding ganuwar mafi alhẽri daga glucan.

A karshe, wani sifofinsu fungi iya supplemented da cewa a cikin cell ganuwar, kazalika da a tsire-tsire ƙunshi mutane da yawa polysaccharides nasaba da sunadarai na gina jiki -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny da dai sauransu su samar da wata cibiya Layer na multilayer cell bango da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a rike cell tsarin mutunci, kuma a musayar tare da yanayi tafiyar matakai.

kayayyakin carbohydrates

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani fairly cikakken janar halaye na fungi. 6 sa makaranta - a lokacin da muka fara sosai saba da wadannan kwayoyin a cikin ilmin halitta aji. Mun bayar da shawarar da su kara zurfafa da ilmi da kuma gano su a mafi daki-daki. Mu yanzu bayyana maye carbohydrate.

A fungi ba a sami babban ajiye polysaccharide muhimmi a cikin mafi girma da shuke-shuke, kuma da yawa algae - sitaci. Glucose da aka adana a eumitsetov glucan kamar yadda kusa da dabba sitaci glycogen. Bugu da kari ga glucans daga namomin kaza da sauran kayayyakin carbohydrates, da kuma wasu ne na musamman ga mulkin fungi. Wannan shi ne da farko disaccharide trehalose. Na dogon lokaci trehalose samu ne kawai a fungi, me ya sa ta samu a karo na biyu sunan - mycosis. Yanzu an samu a cikin wasu mafi girma shuke-shuke a matsayin qananan fili. Trehalose taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin karbuwa daga cikin fungal Kwayoyin to jaddada da kuma tsari na osmotic tafiyar matakai. A fungal Kwayoyin suna kuma dauke da sugar alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol da sauransu.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters na monocarboxylic acid da ciwon wani unbranched aliphatic sarkar) suna da muhimmanci kayayyakin kayayyakin, suna ajiye a cikin cell a cikin nau'i na kitse droplets. Ga fungi halin da babban abun ciki na polyunsaturated (da ciwon 'yan biyu shaidu a cikin aliphatic sarkar) m acid kamar linolenic - uku, da kuma arachidonic - hudu biyu shaidu. A phospholipid form (nasaba ester bond tare da phosphoric acid), lipids ne babbar aka gyara daga cell membranes. A manyan rawa a cikin halittar Tsarin membrane lipids, kuma sterols taka, ba da membrane ƙarfi. Ba kamar cholesterol dabbobi da ciwon 27 carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin (C-27) kuma phytosterols (C-29) shuke-shuke, da farko fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

Secondary metabolites: pigments

Namomin kaza suna hana photosynthetic pigments, amma a samar da manyan yawan mahadi, canza launi mycelium isar da sako gabobin ko substrate. Bisa ga sinadaran halitta daga mafi pigments da dangantaka da terpenoid (carotenoids) ko zuwa aromatic mahadi. Sun yi wani iri-iri na ayyuka. Saboda haka, orange carotene Kalam sa kwarara daga jima'i aiwatar a Mucorales. duhu kore da baki pigments phenolic Aspergillus ajiye kawai Sporiferous na'ura wadda, sabanin da substrate mycelium, aka kafa a iska, da kuma a cikin rigingimu domin kariya daga ultraviolet da haske; duhu masu launin melanin aka ajiye a cikin cell ganuwar, kara da ƙarfi.

Gubobi da kuma maganin rigakafi

Mutane da yawa fungi nuna abubuwa mai guba zuwa wasu kwayoyin da cewa sau da yawa an lura lokacin harhada janar halaye na fungi (6th sa littafi ko manual for high school). Abubuwa da suke da guba ga kananan kwayoyin halitta, da ake kira maganin rigakafi da suke da guba ga shuke-shuke - phytotoxins mai guba ga dabbobi da mutane - mycotoxins. Wasu metabolites na fungi, kasancewa mai guba zuwa daban-daban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin (shuke-shuke da kwayoyin, shuke-shuke da dabbobi), da hadaddun mataki. Maganin rigakafi an hada da mutane da yawa fungi inhabiting cikin ƙasa, wanda dole ne gasa ga gina jiki substrates tare da wasu kwayoyin. Su sinadaran halitta da kuma yanayin na mataki dabam- dabam suke. Saboda haka, maganin rigakafi-penicillins da cephalosporins hana cell bango kira a kwayoyin cuta, trichothecenes - gina jiki kira a eukaryotic kwayoyin, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins da mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins kasaftawa fungi a kamuwa da shuka nama, sa da mutuwar shuka Kwayoyin, wanda sai ya zama da sauki ganima ga m. Gubobi hana enzymatic matakai a Kwayoyin cutar shuke-shuke (msl, naman gwari Alternaria tentoksin damuarn photosynthetic phosphorylation) mallaka karfi membrane sakamako da kuma tasiri a kai na abubuwa ta hanyar da membrane, da transmembrane ion canja wuri (fusaric acid, fusicoccin et al.).

Mycotoxins ya kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin - da gubobi na microscopic fungi (mikromitcetov) da kuma fungal gubobi macromycetes da ciwon manyan fruiting jikin. Na farko shi ne musamman m fungi cewa harba da shuka da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a abinci. Alal misali, a sclerotia ergot alkaloids tara (heterocycles dauke da nitrogen), wanda neuro-shanyayyen gubobi. Ba su rushe a lokacin yin burodi, don haka gurasa gasa daga gari tare da dash na murƙushe sclerotia, shi ne hadarin gaske musamman. Its amfani iya sa mai tsanani da guba, sau da yawa tare da m sakamakon. Wasu hatsi m - pathogen Fusarium shugaban burtuntuna. Yana da wani naman kaza na Fusarium, wanda allocates hatsi terpenoid gubobi ma sa mai tsanani da guba (burodi gasa daga gari gurbata da Fusarium, popularly kira "bugu burodi", kamar yadda shi sa dizziness, amai da kuma sauran cututtuka kama mai tsanani barasa mai guba).

abinci namomin kaza

A halin yanzu, mai yawa bayanai game da su rage cin abinci tsiwirwirinsu kimiyya da ilmin halitta. Janar halaye na fungi, daga wannan ra'ayi shi ne kamar haka. Ikon mafi fungi ne saboda da shuka, saboda haka suna da aiki enzymes cewa karya da tsarin da kayayyakin polysaccharides a zaune shuke-shuke da kuma shuka tarkace. Irin wannan pectinases lalata polygalacturonic acid (pectin) a kan low kwayoyin nauyi oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase da cellulose m cellulose, kuma hemicellulose - babban carbohydrate bangaren na shuka cell ganuwar, amylase decomposes sitaci, da dai sauransu. Na biyu, bayan da cellulose da nauyin gyara na shuka Kwayoyin -. Lignin, wakiltar wani uku-girma polymer aromatic zobba. Musamman mai yawa da shi a cikin woody Kwayoyin. Lignin - mafi resistant vegetative polymer kuma kawai namomin kaza (yafi drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) da lignazy wulakantar da enzymes shi. Namomin kaza parasites infecting inuwõyi dabbobi da mutane (fata, gashi, gashinsa), asirce enzymes cewa karya saukar da furotin da keratin, daga abin da suke an gina.

Yawancin wadannan enzymes for makamashi ceto ake hada da Kwayoyin ba kullum amma kawai a gaban dũkiyõyinsu a cikin yanayi (msl, idan ba pectin a cikin yanayi, da pectinase ba hada). Su ba kundin tsarin mulkin, a matsayin batun substrate shigar da. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba su kafa idan matsakaici ne cakuda gina jiki mahadi da mafi m makamashi metabolism (catabolites). Alal misali, a karshen samfurin na lalata mafi polysaccharides - glucose, duk da haka a cikin wani yanayi wanda a Bugu da kari yana dauke pectin ko cellulose, glucose, cellulase da pectinase ba samar. Kamar wuya ya zama da amfani a nuna hadaddun sunadarai matakai, don samar da glucose, idan ya riga ya ba a cikin ci gaban matsakaici. Irin wannan tsari da aka kira catabolite danniya.

agamobium

Ci gaba da bude wani topic kamar "General halaye na fungi", a takaice bayyana fasali na yaduwa. Sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, ta wadannan kwayoyin iya zama mobile da immobile spores. Zoospores Forms kananan yawan fungi, na cikin ruwa da kuma nazarin sasannin, wanda kwayoyin a fili gani saboda da ruwa. flagella tsarin da kuma a zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh kama da cewa ya bayyana a gare ochrophyta, yayin da Chytridiomycota za a tattauna a cikin bayanin wannan kungiya. Mai jinsunan fungi spores sãke stills, na nuna cewa su ne sosai tsawon lokaci-access zuwa ƙasar. Spores za a iya kafa endogenously a sporangia (sporangiospory) ko exogenously (conidia). Na ciki spores ana saki kawai bayan halakar da sporangium, wanda yakan auku a lokacin da rigar. a manyan lamba (dubbai) na spores, amma wasu iri samar da kananan sporangium (sporangioli) wanda shi ne kawai 'yan spores (wani lokacin daya) mafi yawa ana kafa a sporangia. A karshen harka da harsashi sporangioli da spores iya coalesce, sa'an nan da shawarwari na ciki ayyuka kamar yadda exogenous. Wannan ya nuna da farko ya faru na na ciki spores, wanda suka precursors na exogenous.

syngenesis

Mafi na kowa irin jima'i tsari, tare da mafi sauki - na Fusion na biyu gametes ba bambanta a kan vegetative Kwayoyin, kira somatogamiya. Wannan irin tsari ne na hali jima'i askomitsetnyh yeasts, Basidiomycetes da kuma wasu fungi. Wani lokaci yana daukan ko da ba tare da cell Fusion, mai sau Fusion na nuclei a cikin sel. A mafi hadaddun tsari ne wadda ta gabãta daga jima'i kadaici rabo mycelium abõkan tãrayya (gametangia) wanda sai ci. Irin wannan jima'i tsari, gametangiogamiya, hali na da yawa zigo- da Ascomycetes. A karshe, a fungi samu da saba sauran eukaryotic kwayoyin gametogamiya, watau ci qware gametes.

Classic i- kuma heterogamy halayyar algae, same kawai a cikin ƙananan fungi - Chytridiomycota. Gargajiya oogamy fungi wadanda ba babu. Ko oomycetes, don haka ya kira saboda su ciwon oogamy ba da namiji gametes (maniyyi ko spermatsiev) da kwai a cikin oogonia hana nasu cell bango kuma suna oosferami. A wasu jinsunan na marsupials namomin kaza yana oogonium (amma ba tare da mace gametes ne qwai, watau wakiltar gametangium), amma babu wani antheridium, don haka abin da ya auku hadi autonomic gifoy. Wasu askomitsegov da bazidiomitsetnyh tsatsa fungi ne namiji gametes - spermatsii, amma babu mace gametes, da kuma wani lokacin gametangia (spermatogamiya). A wasu jinsunan spermatsii ne dual aiki - namiji gametes da asexual spores (conidia).

ƙarshe

Janar halaye na fungi: cin da numfashi, spore haifuwa - duk da babban amfani ga yanayi masoya. Yana da musamman kwayoyin da suke ba da shuke-shuke, kuma bã dabbobi. Opening a cikin littafi mai suna "General halaye na fungi" (Grade 7), za ka ga cewa sun qumshi raba mulkin. Sauran mulkokin - suna da dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin. Taken "General halaye na fungi da darajar" aka bayyana a cikin litattafan da kuma a cikin wannan labarin - ne kawai da muhimman bayanai game da su. A gare su aka rubuta dukan littattafai, don haka tsunduma a su koyo na iya zama sosai dogon. Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa batutuwa a cikin ra'ayi, shi ne janar halaye na fungi. Mould - daya daga cikin mafi tsoho a duniya jinsunan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Ta bayyana miliyan 200. Shekaru da suka wuce da kuma bunƙasa a cikin zamani duniya. Open sashe na wani makaranta littafi da "mulkin fungi. Janar halaye" (Grade 6), da kuma za ka sami ƙarin bayani game da shi.