Hardware kwamfuta fasahar: da definition, bayanin da kuma iri

Zamani kwakwalwa domin hazaƙar aiki da kuma daidai aiki ta amfani da hardware da software da suke da sosai juna kuma a fili mu'amala a daban-daban kwatance. Yanzu mun taba la'akari da hardware, saboda asali suka zauna a rinjaye matsayi a samar da wasan kwaikwayon na kowace kwamfuta ko ma wani mobile tsarin.

Hardware tsarin: general rarrabuwa

Saboda haka, abin da muke rubutu da? A gaskiya ma, hadaddun hardware saba wa kowa da kowa. A gaskiya, da yawa masu amfani koma zuwa gare shi a matsayin kwamfuta "baƙin ƙarfe". Lalle ne, hardware - wannan shi ne "baƙin ƙarfe" maimakon na software aka gyara na wani kwamfuta tsarin. A cikin sauki nau'i na rarrabuwa, suka kasu kashi ciki da kuma na waje.

Har ila yau a cikin wannan rabo, akwai uku da manyan da mafi m aji na na'urorin:

• an shigar da na'urar.
• wani fitarwa na'urar.
• ajiya na'urar.

Halitta, ya kamata a lura dabam da kuma babban abubuwa na kwamfuta tsarin irin matsayin motherboard, CPU, da sauransu. E., Ba a hada a wani na sama azuzuwan da kuma shi ne mai asali kashi, ba tare da wanda babu wani daga cikin kwamfuta kawai zai yi aiki ba.

Basic kwamfuta abubuwa

Kwatanta hardware wani kwamfuta ya kamata a fara da mafi muhimmanci kashi - motherboard, a kan wanda duk ciki aka gyara. Kuma shi ne ta hanyar amfani da daban-daban iri iri na haɗin suna da ramummuka to connect waje na'urorin.

Yau akwai da yawa irin "motherboards" kuma su masana'antun. Duk da haka, irin wannan katunan ga kwamfyutocin tebur da kwamfyutocin, duka a tsari da kuma tsari daga cikin mutum abubuwa za su iya bambanta. Duk da haka, jigon su aikace-aikace a kwamfuta tsarin da aka ba su canja ba.

Na biyu mafi muhimmanci kashi - tsakiya aiki naúrar, wanda shi ne ke da alhakin yi. Daya daga cikin manyan siffofin ne Agogon mita, bayyana, a mega- da gigahertz, ko fiye kawai, da adadin abin da kayyade nawa na farko gudanar iya nuna processor da na biyu. A takaice, gudun wani abu kuma fiye da da rabo daga cikin yawan ayyukan a hawan keke da ake bukata domin aiwatar da (lissafi) na daya naúrar aiki.

Computer hardware ne ba zai yiwu ba su yi tunanin ba tare da likkafanin RAM da wuya tafiyarwa suke da dangantaka da ajiya na'urorin. A gare su shi za a tattauna daga baya.

Software da kuma hardware

A zamani kwakwalwa aka yi amfani da matasan na'urorin, kamar ROM, ko ba maras tabbas CMOS memory wanda shi ne tushen ainihin shigar / fitarwa tsarin, da ake kira BIOS.

Shi ne ba kawai "baƙin ƙarfe" Chip, bred a kan motherboard. Yana yana da kansa firmware, wanda damar ba kawai don adana maras tabbas data, amma kuma a gwada ciki aka gyara, da kuma peripherals lokacin da kwamfuta aka kunna. Watakila, da yawa masu tsit inji mai kwakwalwa lura cewa a wannan lokacin a lokacin da audible siginar tsarin kuzarin kawo cikas. Yana kawai nuna cewa na'urar da gwajin ne nasara.

data shigar da nufin

Mu yanzu la'akari da shigar da na'urorin. A lokacin da su jinsunan zai iya ƙidaya quite mai yawa, kuma kuna hukunta da ci gaban da IT-fasahar, da sannu za su kasance ma fi. Duk da haka, na asali a cikin wannan jerin aka dauke su da wadannan:

• keyboard.
• linzamin kwamfuta (trackpad kwamfyutar).
• wani joystick.
• da kamara mai lamba;
• Reno.
• wani waje na'urar daukar hotan takardu.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan na'urorin ba ka damar shiga daban-daban na bayani. Alal misali, yin amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu allura generated da wata kamara - wani video image a kan wani keyboard - .. rubutu, da dai sauransu Duk da haka, linzamin kwamfuta, trackpad, kuma a Bugu da kari ga dukkan rinjãya ne ma (manipulators).

Amma ga keyboard, iko ayyuka shi yana amfani da hanyar mashiga ko a hade daga gare ta. Yana yiwuwa a samu da kuma samun wasu fasaloli, zabin da dokokin tsarukan ko wasu software.

bayanai fitarwa nufin

Hardware ne ba zai yiwu ba su yi tunanin ba tare da fitarwa na'urorin. A misali ya ƙunshi da wadannan jerin:

• saka idanu.
• printer.
• plotter.
• sauti da kuma bidiyo tsarin.
• multimedia majigi.

Akwai asali kwamfuta duba ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka allo. A fili yake a zahiri cewa fasaha ta zamani da abu-daidaitacce shirye-shirye mai amfani da hulda ta hanyar zana mai amfani da ke dubawa, ko da yake a cikin irin wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne daidai zartar da tsarin a cikin abin da aka zaci da shigar da umarnanka. A cikin wani hali, da mai amfani da ya kamata ga abin da aka nuna a allon.

Amma ga sauran abubuwa, su ne kyawawa, ko da yake, ba a bukatar (da kyau, sai dai cewa graphics katin, ba tare da wanda zamani tsarin iya aiki ba).

Storage Media

A karshe, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci azuzuwan da kuma - ajiya na'urorin. Kasancewarsu, ko ciki ko waje kafofin watsa labarai da aka gyara, dole ne. Wannan aji ya hada da wadannan iri:

• rumbunka drive (HDD).
• RAM;
• cache.
• external tafiyarwa (floppy woje, Tantancewar woje, da kebul-na'urar).

Wani lokaci a nan sun hada da BIOS tsarin na CMOS-RAM, duk da haka, kamar yadda aka ce a sama, shi ne wajen wani matasan na'urar, wanda za a iya dangana daidai da daban-daban Categories.

Hakika, mafi muhimmanci wuri ne shagaltar da wuya tafiyarwa da kuma "RAM". Hard faifai - yana nufin hardware bayanai (more daidai, ta ajiya na nufin), saboda shi ne har abada adana, da kuma a cikin RAM - dan lokaci (a lokacin da suka fara, ko aiki da shirye-shirye, ciki kwashe su da allo mai rike takarda , da dai sauransu ...).

Lokacin da ka kunna kashe ƙwaƙwalwar ta atomatik kuranye da kwamfuta, amma bayanai daga rumbun kwamfutarka ba bĩga. A ka'ida, yanzu gasa tare da rumbun kwamfutarka da kuma m kafofin watsa labarai kamar high-iya aiki USB-na'urorin, amma floppy kuma Tantancewar tafiyarwa tafi cikin gushewa idan kawai saboda su kananan iya aiki da kuma yiwuwar jiki lalacewa.

sadarwa na'urorin

ZABI aji, ko da yake a wannan duniyar ta yau, kuma shi ne Popular, za ka iya kiran da na'urorin, alhakin liaising tsakanin mutum kwamfuta tashoshi da alaka kai tsaye ko networks (ko ma a kan internet saki matakin). Akwai iya ware daga babban na'urorin su ne:

• cibiyar sadarwa da adaftan na'urorin.
• magudanar (modems, magudanar, da sauransu. d.).

Kamar yadda ya bayyana, ba aikata ba tare da su a cikin kungiyar na networks (gyarawa ko rumfa), yayin da samar da damar yin amfani da World Wide Web. Amma 'yan mutane a yau san cewa biyu kwakwalwa, misali, za a iya alaka da USB kai tsaye, kamar yadda aka aikata da shekaru ashirin da suka wuce. Hakika, wannan shi ne da ɗan impractical, duk da haka, to manta game da irin wannan yiwuwar ne ba shi daraja, musamman a lokacin da ka bukatar ka kwafa yawa bayanai, da kuma wani m m ba a hannunka.

Safety na'urorin da kuma bayanan kariya

Yanzu, duk da haka wani irin na'urar. Wannan hardware kariya kayayyakin, da suka hada da, misali, "baƙin ƙarfe" firewalls, wanda kuma ake kira firewalls (Firewall daga English - "garu na wuta").

Ko ta yaya yau, mafi yawan masu amfani ne saba wa, cewa Firewall (aka Firewall) ne kawai software samfurin. Wannan ba haka ba. Lokacin da Networking da wani mataki na tsaro na amfani da irin wannan gyara ba wani abu da kyawawa, da kuma wani lokacin shi wajibi ne. Yarda, saboda software part aka ba ko da yaushe jimre da fasali da kuma ba zai iya amsa a lokacin da za a sa baki a cikin aikin daga waje da cibiyar sadarwa, ba a ma maganar samun da sirri bayani adana a kwamfuta wuya tafiyarwa ko sabobin.

The hulda da software da kuma hardware

Saboda haka, hardware, mu taƙaice sake nazari. Yanzu 'yan kalmomi game da yadda za su yi mu'amala tare da software.

Yarda, da Tsarukan aiki da samar da mai amfani da damar yin amfani da sarrafa kwamfuta damar your PC, suna da nasu bukatun. Modern "OSes" cinye haka mutane da yawa albarkatun cewa rabu amfani sarrafawa cewa ba su da isasshen sarrafa kwamfuta ikon, ko babu su yi aiki kawai ba zai yi da ake bukata adadin RAM. Wannan, ba zato ba tsammani, ya shafi daidai da zamani software aikace-aikace. Kuma, ba shakka, ba kawai misali na irin wannan hadin gwiwa.

ƙarshe

A karshe yana da daraja a ce da hardware na zamani kwamfuta da aka dauke quite takaice, duk da haka, su kusantar da karshe game da babban abubuwa na rarrabuwa tsarin zai iya zama. Har ila yau, ya kamata ka lura cewa fasahar kwamfuta tasowa, amma shi take kaiwa ma da gaskiyar cewa ciki da waje na'urorin iri-iri akwai karin (dauki wani mai rumfa kwalkwali). Amma kamar yadda nisa a matsayin babbar sanyi, a cikin wannan yanayin ya nuna mafi muhimmanci aka gyara, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa a yau ga wanzuwar wani kwamfuta tsarin. Duk da haka, a nan, saboda wasu dalilai, mun ba da aka dauke ta hannu da na'urorin, domin suna da na'urar bambanta dan kadan daga kwamfuta m, ko da yake akwai quite mai yawa a cikin na kowa.