Ion crystal raga

Daskararru wanzu a crystalline da amorphous da zai fi dacewa da crystalline tsari. Ya bambanta daidai wurin da barbashi a daidai a tsare maki, halin da lokaci-lokaci komawa a volumetric, uku-girma sarari. Idan kuma wajen tunani to connect wadannan maki tare da mike - samu sarari frame, wanda aka kira a crystal raga. Kalmar "crystalline raga" tana nufin wani lissafi da juna wanda ya bayyana a uku-girma periodicity a ajiye kwayoyin (kwayoyin halitta, ions) a cikin crystal yankin.

barbashi kira wuri maki na raga nodes. Ciki da firam ne Inter-kumburi sadarwa. Type da kuma yanayi na barbashi sadarwa therebetween: kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta, ions - kayyade da irin crystal raga. A total akwai hudu na wadannan iri: ionic, atomic, kwayoyin da karfe.

Idan raga maki shirya ions (barbashi tare da wani korau ko tabbatacce cajin), wannan ion crystal raga, halin da sadarwa na wannan sunan.

Wadannan links ne sosai karfi da karko. Saboda haka, jamiái da irin wannan tsarin da isasshe high taurin da yawa, wadanda ba maras tabbas, kuma tsaurin. A low yanayin zafi, da suka nuna hali a matsayin insulators. Duk da haka, a kan narkewa daga irin wannan mahadi karya geometrically daidai ion crystal raga (ions location) da kuma rage karfin connection.

A zazzabi kusa da narkewa zafin jiki na lu'ulu'u da ionic shaidu ne riga iya kawo wutar lantarki. Irin wannan mahadi readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma sauran taya, wanda an hada da iyakacin duniya kwayoyin.

Ion crystal raga halayyar duk abubuwa da ionic shaidu - salts, karfe hydroxides, karfe binary mahadi da nonmetals. Ionic bond ba shi da directivity a sarari domin kowane ion ake dangantawa da dama counter ions, da karfi na hulda dogara da nisa tsakanin su (Coulomb da dokar ta). Ion da alaka mahadi da wadanda ba kwayoyin tsarin, su ne daskararru da ionic lattices, sosai iyakacin duniya, high narkewa da kuma tafasar maki, a ruwa-ruwa bayani, shi ne electrically conductive. Mahadi da ionic shaidu a cikin m nau'i ne kusan ba samu ba.

Ion crystal raga halayyar wasu hankula oxides da hydroxides na karafa, salts, Ina nufin, Abubuwa da wani ionic sinadaran bond.

Bugu da kari akwai wani ionic bond, ƙarfe, kwayoyin da covalent shaidu a cikin ƙarau.

Lu'ulu'u da ciwon covalent bond, suna semiconductors ko insulators. Hankula misalai na atomic lu'ulu'u ne lu'u-lu'u, silicon da germanium.

Diamond - mai ma'adinai cubic allotropic gyara (form) na carbon. A crystal raga na lu'u-lu'u - nukiliya, sosai rikitarwa. A nodes irin wannan raga kwayoyin halitta suna juna da wani musamman karfi covalent shaidu. Diamond aka hada da raba carbon atoms located daya a tsakiyar wani tetrahedron, wanda vertices ne hudu mafi kusa zarra. Irin wannan raga ne halin da FCC naúrar cell, sakamakon iyakar taurin lu'u-lu'u da kuma gwada da high narkewa batu. A lu'u-lu'u raga babu kwayoyin - da kuma crystal za a iya daukarsa a matsayin daya tsawwala kwayoyin.

Bugu da kari, da atomic crystal raga halayyar silicon, m boron, germanium da mahadi na mutum abubuwa da silicon da carbon (silica, ma'adini, Mika, kogin yashi, silicon carbide). A general, wakilan na crystalline daskararru da atomic raga ne in mun gwada yan.