Kafu daram fensir da kuma sauran alkalama: su ikon yinsa,

Tun daga nan, kamar yadda aka kirkiro fensir don rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane, ya views aka kullum modified da ƙirƙira sababbi. Akwai kawai ne babu pencils yanzu saba launi, abin fa, tã dalibai a aji. kakin zuma da kuma gubar, amfani da sana'a zane. "Simple" - don zane da kuma lissafi constructions (shiryar da su kunshi graphite kuma, dangane da taurin, ya rubuta a cikin wani kewayon launuka daga haske launin toka to baki); sinadaran - yi amfani a cikin zane ofisoshin ga girma Shirin zanen aiki. kwaskwarima pencils ... Kuma duk su a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri ana amfani da mu a cikin daban-daban na rayuwa.

"Nahimichili"

Kafu daram fensir - ya firtsi ne mai real find a cikin zane, burbushi, stenographic hali. Suna iya rubuta, zana, fenti da wata takarda surface, yin kafu daram alamomi da kuma more. A karkashin katako, "sai jikunansu" a wannan stationery ne na musamman graphite fensir. A bushe tsari, shi ya fita a kan takarda hur, unobtrusive alamomi da kuma markings. Amma yana da daraja da tip na fensir gubar moistened da ruwa, ko da harshe - ta launi canje-canje, ya fara rubuta a cikin m, mai haske, kuma cire takarda ba shi yiwuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sinadaran fensir hada dyes cewa ta soke lokacin da fallasa su danshi. A wannan sakamakon zai zama idan surface rike a moistened takarda takardar guda bushe Slate. A dyes suna kara da sanda - rhodamine (ya sa rubutu a kan haske ruwan hoda zuwa zurfin, arziki sautunan na wannan launi), eosin (ma m ruwan hoda launi, juya cikin ja), auramine (m yellow). Wadannan ma'adinai Additives yi wani kafu daram fensir ne ba kawai m, amma kuma ta hada daban-daban na asali da kuma ƙarin launuka, kara da bambancin da ta launuka.

By karshen karni na ashirin, da shahararsa da sunadarai pencils kwanta - suna rayayye maye gurbin na farko ball, sa'an nan gel alkalama. Duk da haka, yanzu har yanzu suna samu a fagage daban-daban na samarwa. Suna amfani da tasirin ko contours na zane a kan gilashin, plaster, yumbu, da baƙin ƙarfe da sauran saman. Taurin fensir alama polymer aka zaba dangane da irin surface tare da yin aiki tare da. A farko sinadaran daraja firtsi ne da fensir Edson Clark, wanda ya jadadda mallaka da sabuwar dabara a cikin m 1866, da shekara. A 1928, shi da inganta da ɗan - by kanta wani kafu daram fensir da aka a haɗe a kananan Can na ruwa, da kuma lokacin da ya zama dole to moisten da sanda, rubutu don aikawa matsa lamba. Bisa ga lambatu danshi zo zuwa ga mashaya, da kuma fenti reacts tare da ruwa da kuma takardar da aka shirya!

Fensir da kuma kayan shafawa

A kwaskwarima ga kayan shafa dalilai yin amfani da art-fensir. Its irin zane ne yawanci m, amma sosai m, saboda wannan ba kawai a fensir Paint a girare, amma kuma da idanu da kuma fata a eyelids an sauƙi ji rauni da kuma bukatar m handling. A tsarin da gubar pencils, kuma da dama launi pigments hada da na halitta da abubuwa: glyceride dangane da dabino mai, Castor man tare da cikakken danshi - suka yi da aiki na kula. ƙudan zuma, da 'ya'yan itace da sauran iri waxes ya inganta bijirewarsu, kuma samar da sa-up juriya da kuma karko na dogon lokaci. abu, da gusar da yiwuwar rashin lafiyan halayen.

Professional fenta kayan aikin

Kuma a karshe, gawayi fensir. Kamar yadda ya bayyana daga sunan, sandan an yi shi da carbon da Bugu da kari wani rabo daga linseed man fetur. Wannan Bugu da kari kara sanar da ci yawa da kuma launi jikewa, mafi girma mannewa ga zaruruwa na takarda. Next, da barin su taushi da kuma ci-baki tare da ambato guduro.

Saboda da abun da ke ciki gawayi fensir ne daidai da kyau duka biyu don zane aiki, da kuma yin a karshe zane. Yin amfani da shi, da artist iya nuna da kuma duhu, da kuma m haske tabarau. Musamman sauki fensir a cewa an sauƙi cire daga takarda, da barin kadan alama.